Exploration and Expansion

Essential Questions What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What factors contributed to the Europeans entrance into their age of discovery and expansion? What were the general consequences of European expansion? What were the general consequences of European expansion?

Technology Compass (China) Compass (China) Astrolabe (Arabs) – latitude/longitude Astrolabe (Arabs) – latitude/longitude Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) - faster Triangle-shaped sails (Arabs) - faster

Reasons for Expansion Three G’s Three G’s Gold (Economic) – Wealth; markets in Asia (spices) Glory (Political)– Power Strong monarchies (Portugal, Spain, France, England) Humanism/Renaissance God – (Religious) Christianity

Portuguese  Prince Henry the Navigator – established a school for sailors  Bartholomew Diaz – 1487, Cape of Good Hope in S. Africa  Vasco da Gama – 1498, around Africa to India

Spanish Columbus (October 12,1492) Columbus (October 12,1492) Ferdinand and Isabella – SpainFerdinand and Isabella – Spain Need a western route to Asia – why?Need a western route to Asia – why? San Salvador (Bahamas)San Salvador (Bahamas) Called natives “Indians”Called natives “Indians” Made 3 more trips; never knew he had discovered a new continentMade 3 more trips; never knew he had discovered a new continent Magellan Magellan Circumnavigated the globe – first complete western water route to AsiaCircumnavigated the globe – first complete western water route to Asia He died in the PhilippinesHe died in the Philippines

Dividing the New World 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas splits new territory Brazil = Portuguese Brazil = Portuguese Rest of South America = Spanish Rest of South America = Spanish

Spanish Empire Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Europe Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beansEurope Received – corn, cocoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, beans Americas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately diseaseAmericas Received – horses, cows, pigs, sugar; ultimately disease Conquistadors Conquistadors Cortes – conquered Aztecs in MexicoCortes – conquered Aztecs in Mexico Pizarro – conquered Incas in PeruPizarro – conquered Incas in Peru

European Rivals Dutch (Netherlands) Dutch (Netherlands) New Netherlands (NY) Dutch East India Company French French Looked for the Northwest Passage through America Champlain (Quebec) Fur trade w/Indians English English Jamestown – John Smith – 1 st perm. English settlement Oldest settlement? (1565)

Slave Trade Slavery not new to Africa Slavery not new to Africa Sent to Middle East for domestic work Sugarcane (Portuguese) Sugarcane (Portuguese) Changed slavery for Europeans Plantations in Caribbean and Brazil African slave traders controlled slave trade African slave traders controlled slave trade Middle Passage Middle Passage Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased Destroyed traditional African societies as demand for slaves increased

Middle Passage

Results of Expansion Great wealth for European nations – greed and power Great wealth for European nations – greed and power Rivalries developed over colonies Rivalries developed over colonies Increased European trade with Asia Increased European trade with Asia Colonization of the Americas Colonization of the Americas Destruction of Native populations (disease, superior technology) Destruction of Native populations (disease, superior technology) Dramatic increase in the slave trade Dramatic increase in the slave trade African civilizations destroyed African civilizations destroyed New products (Columbian Exchange) New products (Columbian Exchange)