Chapter 4 Basics of English Grammar Business Communication Copyright 2010 South-Western Cengage Learning

4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences  SWBAT:  Identify the eight major parts of speech  Identify subjects and predicates in sentences  Identify clauses and phrases in sentences 2

Parts of Speech 3  Noun  Pronoun  Adjective  Verb  Adverb  Preposition  Conjunction  Interjection 4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences

Sentence Parts  Sentence- a group of related words that contains a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought.  Subject- is the person who is speaking, the person who is spoken to, or the person, place, or thing spoken about  (It’s what the sentence is about)  Sentence predicates:  The complete Predicate- is everything in the sentence said by, to, or about the subject.  Whatever is not included in the complete subject of a sentence belongs in the complete predicate 4

Sentence Parts  Objects and subject complements  An object is a noun, pronoun, clause, or phrase that functions as a noun.  Direct objects- helps complete the meaning of a sentence by receiving the action of the verb.  Indirect objects- receives the action that the verb makes on the direct object  A sentence cannot have an indirect object without a direct object  Subject complements 5

Clauses, Phrases, and Fragments  Clause- a group of words with a subject and a predicate  Phrase- a group of related words with no subject or predicate  Fragment- an incomplete sentence that may or may not have meaning Parts of Speech and Sentences

Sentence Structure  Simple sentences Example: Theodore sings and acts.  Compound sentences Example: Erin loves to ride horses; Manuel loves to draw horses.  Complex sentences Example: Although it is important to proofread a written message, many people feel they do not have the time Parts of Speech and Sentences

4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives  SWBAT:  Identify nouns, pronouns, and adjectives  Create the plural form of nouns  Use nouns, pronouns, and adjectives correctly in sentences. 8

Nouns  Noun- a word used to name people, places, or things  Proper nouns – names a specific person, place or thing. Always have a capital letter  Common nouns – identifies a person, place or thing in a general way  Singular and plural nouns  Collective nouns- represent a group that usually acts as a single unit. Ex – tribe or jury  Possessive nouns- ones that show ownership Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Pronouns  Pronoun - words used in place of nouns.  Personal pronouns  Nominative case  Objective case  Possessive case  Intensive and reflective pronouns  Interrogative and demonstrative pronouns Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement  Pronoun antecedent- a noun or phrase that is replaced by a pronoun  Pronouns and antecedents should agree in:  Person  Number  Gender  Compound antecedents  Indefinite pronoun agreement Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Adjectives  Adjective- a word that describes or limits nouns, pronouns and phrases that act as nouns  Articles  Nouns and pronouns used as adjectives  Compound adjectives Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Adjectives  Comparison of adjectives  Positive degree  Comparative degree  Superlative degree  Absolute adjectives Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Verbs  Verb: a word that expresses action, a state of being, or a condition  Types of verbs  Action verbs  Linking verbs  State of being verbs Verbs and Adverbs

Verbs Tenses  Simple tenses  Present  Past  Future  Perfect tenses  Present perfect  Past perfect  Future perfect Verbs and Adverbs

Verbs  Transitive verbs  Intransitive verbs  Voice  Active voice  Passive voice Verbs and Adverbs

Subject and Verb Agreement  Number  Intervening phrases  “A number,” “the number”  Names of companies  Amounts  Compound subjects Verbs and Adverbs

Adverbs  Adverb: a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective, or another adverb  Conjunctive adverbs  Comparison of adverbs  Positive degree  Comparative degree  Superlative degree Verbs and Adverbs

Prepositions  Preposition: a word that connects a noun or pronoun to other words to form a phrase  Prepositions introduce phrases  Prepositional phrases may modify:  Nouns (acting as adjectives)  Action verbs  Adjectives  Adverbs Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

Conjunctions  Conjunction: a word or phrase that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses  Coordinate conjunctions  Correlative conjunctions  Subordinate conjunctions  Parallel construction Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

Interjections  Interjection: a word or phrase used primarily to express strong emotion  Have no grammatical relationship with other words in the sentence Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

Vocabulary 22 active voice adjective adverb clause collective noun conjunction direct object fragment indirect object interjection noun passive voice phrase possessive noun predicate preposition pronoun pronoun antecedent sentence subject verb verb tense