© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber.

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Presentation transcript:

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Carbohydrates (CH 2 O) n Simple carbohydrates –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides Complex carbohydrates

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose Fructose Galactose

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Glucose

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Fructose & Galactose

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Condensation

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Hydrolysis

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose Lactose

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides –Glycogen –Starches –Fibers

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Cellulose –Hemicelluloses –Pectins

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Gums and mucilages –Lignin –Resistant starches

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Soluble fibers Viscous Fermentable

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Complex Carbohydrates Fibers –Insoluble fibers Nonviscous (Phytic acid)

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Digestion Mouth –Salivary amylase Stomach –Fibers and satiety

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Digestion Small intestine –Maltase, sucrase, lactase Pancreas –Pancreatic amylase

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Digestion Available carbohydrates vs. unavailable carbohydrates

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Digestion Large intestine –Fermentation of viscous fibers Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Absorption

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Lactose Intolerance Symptoms Causes –Lactase deficiency

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Lactose Intolerance Prevalence Dietary changes –Does not require the elimination of milk/milk products –Acidophilus milk

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Glucose in the Body Energy Glycoproteins Glycolipids

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Carbohydrate Metabolism Storing glucose as glycogen Using glucose for energy

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Carbohydrate Metabolism Making glucose from protein –Gluconeogenesis –Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Carbohydrate Metabolism Making ketone bodies from fat fragments –Ketone bodies Ketosis –Acid-base balance

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Carbohydrate Metabolism Converting glucose to fat –Energetically expensive

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Constancy of Blood Glucose Regulating hormones –Insulin –Glucagon –Epinephrine

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Constancy of Blood Glucose Diabetes –Type 1 diabetes Failure of insulin production –Type 2 diabetes Obesity

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Constancy of Blood Glucose Hypoglycemia –Rare in healthy people

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Constancy of Blood Glucose Glycemic response –Glycemic index

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Sugars Added sugars –Sucrose, invert sugar, corn syrups, etc.

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Sugars Health effects of sugars –Nutrient deficiencies

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Sugars Health effects of sugars –Dental caries Dental plaque

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes of Sugars DRI –No more than 25% of total daily energy intake

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Starch and Fiber Health effects –Heart disease –Diabetes –GI health

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Starch and Fiber Health effects –Cancer –Weight management –Harmful effects of excessive fiber intake

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers Soluble and more fermentable Gums and mucilages Pectins Psyllium Some hemicelluloses

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers Sources –Whole-grains, fruits, legumes, seeds and husks, vegetables –Extracted and used as food additives

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers Lower blood cholesterol Slow glucose absorption Slow transit of food through upper GI tract

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers Holds moisture in stools, softening them Yield small fat molecules that the colon can use for energy

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers Lower risk of heart disease Lower risk of diabetes

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Viscous Fibers

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonviscous Fibers Insoluble and less fermentable Cellulose Lignins Psyllium Resistant starch Many hemicelluloses

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonviscous Fibers Sources –Brown rice, fruits, legumes, seeds, vegetables, wheat bran, whole grains –Extracted and used as food additives

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonviscous Fibers Increase fecal weight Speed fecal passage through colon Provide bulk and feelings of fullness

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonviscous Fibers Alleviate constipation Lower risks of diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, appendicitis May help with weight management

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonviscous Fibers

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

Starch and Fiber RDA for carbohydrate –130 g/day –45% - 65% total daily energy intake Daily Value: 300 g/day

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Starch and Fiber Fiber –Daily Value: 25 g/day –AI: 14 g/1000 kcal/day

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Guidelines to Groceries Grains

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Guidelines to Groceries Vegetables Fruits

© 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth

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