The Role of Working Memory Capacity on the Effects of Positive/Negative Feedback on Memory Tasks Andrew Snelling Hanover College.

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Presentation transcript:

The Role of Working Memory Capacity on the Effects of Positive/Negative Feedback on Memory Tasks Andrew Snelling Hanover College

Feedback Feedback: (n.) the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Feedback Effects Study showing groups and individuals improve if given feedback when they fall under target goal Matsui, T., etal.(1987) Study presented that feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple choice testing Butler and Roediger (2008)

Positive & Negative Feedback Effects Negative Feedback’s Effects The Negative feedback causes stress; Retroactive Interference Negative feedback increases memory; Proactive Enhancement Karten (2012) Positive Feedback’s Effects Study showed positive feedback increased intrinsic motivation for performing tasks Harackiewicz (1979)

Feedback & Promotion/Prevention Tasks Prevention Task A task requiring vigilance and attention to detail Arithmetic, Rote Memorization, etc. Promotion Task A task requiring creativity Painting, Acting, etc. Van Dijk (2011) Study showing positive feedback increases performance in promotion tasks Negative feedback increases performance in prevention tasks

Working Memory Capacity & Feedback Working Memory Capacity (WMC) The system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated Schmeichel & Demaree (2010) Study showing Working Memory Capacity is an indicator of how well participants perceive themselves on a self-report given negative feedback of their emotional intelligence.

Research Question In a prevention task, like a memory test, does positive or negative feedback increase performance, given Van Dijk says only negative feedback will? Because WMC indicated the participants who performed less negatively after negative feedback, will it also indicate those who may perform better when given positive feedback?

Hypothesis There will be a higher performance on the tasks for those given negative feedback than those given positive feedback. Those with a higher WMC will be less susceptible to the effects of either positive or negative feedback.

Participants Hanover College Students Ages N=34 Women=24, Men=10 Many Students that participated received extra credit for their Introductory Psychology class

Tasks All tasks used White lettering, Font 24, on a Black background Working Memory Capacity Task Digit Span Test Numbers Lasted 1 sec on Screen Free-Recall Task Using 30 common words Words Lasted 3 sec on Screen Grid shown containing 60 words

Procedure Feedback Randomly Assigning Feedback: given either Positive (Top 20%) or Negative (Bottom 40%) Memory Span Test First Free- Recall Test Feedback Given Second Free- Recall Test

Results EffectValue TestTimeF (1,32) = 4.33, p = Feedback:TestTimeF (1,32) = 9.55, p = 0.004

Results EffectValues Feedback:WMC:TestTimeF (1,30) = 3.91, p = N=7N=19N=8

Discussion There seems to be no significant effect of negative feedback increasing performance There is a significant effect of positive feedback decreasing performance There is a possible interaction between WMC, Feedback, and Test Time

Reasonings Positive Feedback’s Effects People do not try as hard People’s memories are more relaxed Negative Feedback’s Effects People were not as surprised by results Proactive Enhancement

Limitations / Future Research Relatively Unvarying Working Memory Capacity Across Participants Using Positive and Negative Feedback on Promotion Tasks Having an Authority Figure Issue the Feedback

Questions