Roads to Freedom Performer - Culture & Literature Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella, Margaret Layton © 2013

1. Turbulent times in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 1. Turbulent times in Britain The 1960s were characterised by: technological changes which influenced social organisation; social reforms which increased the gap between the old and the young. Performer - Culture & Literature

1. Turbulent times in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 1. Turbulent times in Britain 1967 was an annus mirabilis as regards sexual mores: Abortion Act National Health Service (Family Planning) Act Sexual Offences Act Divorce Act (1969) Matrimonial Property Act (1970) Performer - Culture & Literature

1. Turbulent times in Britain A New World Order Roads to Freedom 1. Turbulent times in Britain The young were sensitive to the spiritual problems of the age: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the pacifist march in Trafalgar Square led by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1961). A mood of rebellion  university occupations and demonstrations. Race  a new source of open social conflict. A student demonstration. Performer - Culture & Literature

1. Turbulent times in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 1. Turbulent times in Britain The 1970s were marked by a global economic slowdown and industrial strife episodes of violence, racial tension and terrorism an energy crisis and rising unemployment the UK’s joining the European Economic Community (1973) partly to share the new European wealth Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 2. Margaret Thatcher 4th May 1979: Margaret Thatcher (right wing of the Conservative Party) became Prime Minister. She tried to solve the UK’s economic decline and to reduce the role of the state in the economy. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister between 1979 and 1990. Performer - Culture & Literature

3. Mid-century America After World War II Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America After World War II American families  had cars, phones, washing machines, refrigerators, their own houses. Education  higher enrolment in universities and colleges which received government financial support. A 1950s housewife. Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America American foreign policy was defined by the Cold War (1947-1991), started between the United States and the Soviet Union. The USA controlled the military affairs of Europe through NATO, while the Soviet Union did it through the Warsaw Pact. Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s funeral in 1963. In 1961 John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, won the elections. He was the first Catholic and the youngest president ever elected. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963; his death put an end to the social hopes his election had awakened. Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America 1961: the Soviets launched the first manned spaceflight. 1962: President Kennedy faced a tense nuclear showdown with Soviet forces in Cuba. 1969: the USA succeeded in sending two astronauts onto the Moon. Neil Armstrong on the Moon’s surface, 20 July 1969. Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America 1964: Civil Rights Act which prohibited discrimination of all kinds based on race, colour, religion or national origin. The Civil Rights Movement, led by the African American Martin Luther King, Jr., fought against segregation and discrimination adopting Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violent resistance. Martin Luther King, Jr. Performer - Culture & Literature

3. Mid-century America 1959-1975: The Vietnam War A New World Order Roads to Freedom 3. Mid-century America 1959-1975: The Vietnam War A widespread countercultural movement grew, mixing opposition to war, black nationalism and feminism. University students protested in the hundreds of thousands against the Vietnam War in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome. Performer - Culture & Literature

Roads to Freedom A New World Order 3. Mid-century America 1972-1974: The Watergate scandal  the FBI, Congress and the press discovered a series of crimes and abuses committed by the president’s staff. Richard Nixon was forced to resign. 1970s: Carter’s administration, marked by stagflation. The Watergate hotel in Washington. Performer - Culture & Literature

4. The cultural revolution Roads to Freedom A New World Order 4. The cultural revolution Great interest in music, fashion, drinks and vehicles Working-class adolescents spending money on pleasure and free time. Poster for ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ (1955). Performer - Culture & Literature

4. The cultural revolution Roads to Freedom A New World Order 4. The cultural revolution Leisure activities  dancing and listening to rock and roll. Negative mood of the ‘Angry Young Men’  moral independence, sexual ethics, public decency. Performer - Culture & Literature

4. The cultural revolution Roads to Freedom A New World Order 4. The cultural revolution London became the new centre of fashion, replacing Paris. Important fashion boutiques were opened in Carnaby Street. Mary Quant, fashion designer credited for inventing the miniskirt and the hot pants. Performer - Culture & Literature

4. The cultural revolution Roads to Freedom A New World Order 4. The cultural revolution The Swinging Sixties = the quest for self-expression and liberation  drugs, discos, progressiveness in education, pop music and poetry, one-parent families, the contraceptive pill, abortion and homosexuality legalised. 1968  the birth of the Women’s Liberation Movement. The cover of Led Zeppelin III Performer - Culture & Literature

The ‘Winter of Discontent’ Roads to Freedom A New World Order 5. The decay of the 1970s Unemployment spread in the heavy industrial areas Economy The ‘Winter of Discontent’ Race riots Society Drugs and juvenile violence Performer - Culture & Literature

5. The decay of the 1970s Factories with waste material Pollution Roads to Freedom A New World Order 5. The decay of the 1970s Factories with waste material Pollution Oil tankers, chemical fertilizers, noisy aircraft, traffic Individualism, selfishness, punk culture, nihilism, political struggle, radicalism (no pacifism), racism ‘Me’ decade Performer - Culture & Literature

6. Street style in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 6. Street style in Britain Teddy boys Reputation for violence, delinquency, racism Edwardian-style clothes A 1962 photo of some Teddy boys. Performer - Culture & Literature

Typical rocker outfit: black leather and a white scarf. Roads to Freedom A New World Order 6. Street style in Britain The rockers Battered clothes Outsiders Aggression towards women and immigrants Typical rocker outfit: black leather and a white scarf. Performer - Culture & Literature

6. Street style in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 6. Street style in Britain The skinheads Tattoos and shaved heads Welcome conflict and aggression Extreme-right political views = racism No girls ‘This is England’ (2006). Performer - Culture & Literature

6. Street style in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 6. Street style in Britain The punks Nihilistic battle cry ‘no future’ Nothingness Safety pins, coloured hair Outcast status A tourist attraction A group of English punks. Performer - Culture & Literature

6. Street style in Britain Roads to Freedom A New World Order 6. Street style in Britain The hippies Status and sex minimised No certainties  drugs Escape from time and modern life Natural materials in the style of dress Love, not war Hippies at a concert. Performer - Culture & Literature

7. Anglo-American music from the 1950s to the 1980s Roads to Freedom The Great Depression 7. Anglo-American music from the 1950s to the 1980s 1950s: Rock‘n’roll, soul. 1960s: Folk revival, rock music. 1970s: Progressive rock, punk rock, fusion, Ddisco music, reggae, funk, electronic. 1980s: Metal, electro-pop, new wave, hip hop. The Beatles: Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, George Harrison, John Lennon Performer - Culture & Literature

The Great Depression Roads to Freedom 8. Rock music Rock as an opportunity of unifying art, music, design, fashion and youth in a single experience Rock as energy for the motor of social change Rock as a necessity to take a social position Rock as an experience of community and togetherness (Peter Wicke, ‘Rock music’) Elvis Presley. The Rolling Stones. Performer - Culture & Literature

9. Beatlemania The phenomenon originated in the UK in 1963. The Great Depression Roads to Freedom 9. Beatlemania The phenomenon originated in the UK in 1963. ‘Beatles’ + ‘mania’. Linked to the intense level of hysteria demonstrated by fans both at the concerts played by the band and during the band’s arrivals and journeys to and from different places. Policemen’s struggle to restrain young Beatles fans outside Buckingham Palace as The Beatles receive their MBEs (Member of the British Empire) in 1965. Performer - Culture & Literature