NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS America: Past and Present Chapter 1

Native American Histories before Conquest n 20,000 B.C.--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitants n 8,000 B.C.--Humans reach tip of South America. n 5,000 B.C.--Agricultural Revolution u Crops include maize, squash, and beans u Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

Mysterious Disappearances n Anasazi Culture—Chaco Canyon u Sophisticated irrigation u Well-built roads for transportation n Adena and Hopewell Peoples—Ohio Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Extensive trade network n Cahokia—Mississippi Valley u Large ceremonial mounds u Far-flung trade network

Aztec Dominance n Aztecs settle valley of Mexico n Center of large, powerful empire n Highly organized social structure n Rule through fear and force

Eastern Woodland Cultures n Atlantic Coast of North America n Native Americans lived in smaller bands n Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

Cultural Characteristics n Diversity of language groups, ethnicities n Define place in society through kinship n Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation n Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationships

Confederacies of Eastern North America n Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie n Iroquois--Central New York n Powhattans--Chesapeake

Indians Discover a New World n Native Americans eager for European trade n Reject notions of European superiority n European efforts to convert or "civilize" Indians u Frequent contact makes native men receptive to Christianity u Determination to preserve power leads native women to resist conversion u Native disease, dependence erodes resistance to conversion among women and men

Disease and Dependency n Contact brings population decline among American Indians n Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic disease u smallpox u measles u influenza n Rate as high as ninety-five percent

Consequences of Epidemic Disease

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies n Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures u Islam u Strong traditional beliefs n A history of empires u Mali u Ghana n Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

Beginnings of the Slave Trade n 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from Europe to sub-Saharan Africa n Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese as slaves

How Many Slaves? n 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year n 18th century--5.5 million transported to the Americas n By ca. 11 million n Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas.

European Colonization n 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles “Vinland” n Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas settlement attained u rise of nation-states u spread of new technologies u spread of old knowledge. n Columbus initiates large-scale European colonization

Building New Nation-States n Population growth after 1450 n “New Monarchs” forge nations from scattered provinces u Spain u France u England n “Middle class” a new source of revenue n Powerful military forces deployed

Making Sense of a New World n Spain the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization n Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella n Jews and Muslims expelled n Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for colonization

Calculating Risks and Rewards n Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” n Initial voyage n Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China n died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient n Made possible Spanish dominion in America

The Conquistadores n Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands n By Major Caribbean islands decimated n By Cortés destroys Aztec Empire n de Soto explores Southeast n Coronado explores Southwest

From Plunder to Settlement n Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors u Large land grants u Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute n Appointed officials answer only to Crown n Catholic Church u Protects Indian rights u Performs mass conversions n By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World u Unmarried males intermarry u Mixed-blood population emerges

The French Claim Canada n Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec n French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi n French Crown makes little effort to foster settlement n Fur trade underpins economy n Indians become valued trading partners

England in the New World n Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r ) n Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I

Birth of English Protestantism n English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation u Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany u John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva n Reformation pits European Protestants against Catholics

The English Reformation n Tudor monarchs bring political unity n Reformation under Henry Vlll (r ) strengthens Crown n Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r ) n Death of Mary I (r ) cuts short English Catholic Counterreformation n Elizabeth I (r ) consolidates English Reformation

England’s Tudor Monarchs

Militant Protestantism n Lutheran Reformation u God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests u Justification by faith alone for salvation n Calvinist Reformation u John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence u Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation n Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe u France—Huguenots u Scotland—Presbyterians u England—Puritans

Woman in Power n Elizabeth I ( ) a very capable monarch n Elizabeth introduces Via Media u Protestant Doctrine u “Catholic” Ritual u Ends religious turmoil in England n Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against England n England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powers

Religion, War, and Nationalism n Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood n Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure makes them English heroes n Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire n Spanish Armada defeated

Irish Background for American Settlement n Ireland a laboratory for English colonization u Irish viewed as backward u English under Elizabeth seize Irish land n English Brutality u English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile u English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance such as massacre of women and children n English adventurers compare Native Americans with “wild” Irish

Early English Efforts in America n Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke colony of 1584 fails n By 1600 no English settlements in New World n Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American colonization