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Section 1: Migration to the Americas Section 2: Cities and Empires Chapter Introduction Section 1: Migration to the Americas Section 2: Cities and Empires Section 3: North American Peoples Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Migration to the Americas Essential Question How did agriculture change the lives of early people? Chapter Intro

Cities and Empires Essential Question How did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically? Chapter Intro

North American Peoples Essential Question How was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment? Chapter Intro

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Section 1-Essential Question How did agriculture change the lives of early people? Section 1-Essential Question

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary archaeology artifact nomad migration maize carbon dating culture Academic Vocabulary source estimate Section 1-Key Terms

Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Ice Age Section 1-Key Terms

Section 1-Polling Question Which do you believe came first, agriculture or culture? A. Agriculture B. Culture A B Section 1-Polling Question

The Journey From Asia The first Americans were hunters and gatherers who came from Asia and spread throughout the Americas. Section 1

The Journey From Asia (cont.) Archaeologists, experts in archaeology, believe that many early peoples reached the Americas by crossing a strip of land known as Beringia, which was exposed during the last Ice Age. As the centuries passed, many people migrated across Beringia and spread out across the Americas. Prehistoric Migrations to the Americas Section 1

The Journey From Asia (cont.) The earliest Americans were nomads who were skilled at hunting large animals such as the wooly mammoth. Eventually these mammals began to die out, and early Americans had to find other sources of food. Section 1

During which period of time was the land bridge known as Beringia exposed? A. Ice Age B. Renaissance C. Viking Age D. Victorian Era A B C D Section 1

Settling Down Agriculture changed the way of life for early Americans. Section 1

Settling Down (cont.) Agriculture began in the Americas about 9,000 years ago as people living in what is now Mexico learned to plant and raise maize. Using a method called carbon dating to study artifacts, scientists know that permanent settlements arose about 5,000 years ago. Section 1

Settling Down (cont.) Over time, the groups of people living in settlements developed their own cultures. Section 1

Which of the following was NOT a crop grown by early Americans? A. Maize B. Oranges C. Pumpkins D. Beans A B C D Section 1

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Section 2-Essential Question How did the early civilizations of Mexico and Central America develop socially, politically, and economically? Section 2-Essential Question

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary civilization theocracy hieroglyphics Quechua quipu terrace Academic Vocabulary complex link Section 2-Key Terms

Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Olmec Maya Aztec Inca Section 2-Key Terms

Section 2-Polling Question Which of the following do you think is most important in the successful development of a civilization? A. A system of writing B. Advancements in agriculture C. Advancements in architecture D. A powerful military A B C D Section 2-Polling Question

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations of Mexico and Central America flourished long before the arrival of Europeans. Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) Long before the Europeans arrived in the early 1500s, several civilizations arose in what is now Mexico and Central America. These civilizations developed complex systems for the following: Writing Counting Tracking time Maya Mathematics Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) The three largest and most advanced of the early civilizations were the: Olmec Maya Aztec Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) Facts about the Olmec: Farmers produced enough food to sustain cities containing thousands of people. Workers sculpted large stone monuments and built stone pavements and drainage systems. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) Facts about the Maya: Each city had at least one stone pyramid. Their civilization was a theocracy. They developed hieroglyphics. Traders traveled on a network of roads carved out of the jungle. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec (cont.) Facts about the Aztec: They built Tenochtitlán, one of the greatest cities in the Americas. They were a military empire. They organized their society around religion. Civilizations of Mexico and Central America Section 2

Which of the following civilization was still flourishing when the Europeans arrived? A. Olmec B. Maya C. Aztec A B C Section 2

The Inca The Inca in South America developed a well-organized empire with a structured society. Section 2

The Inca (cont.) Facts about the Inca: The Inca state was built on war and the Inca army was powerful. The Inca Empire had a population of more than 9 million, and built at least 10,000 miles of roads in order to keep the empire linked. The Inca Empire Section 2

The Inca (cont.) Quechua was the official language. They cut terraces into steep slopes in order to farm mountainous lands. Section 2

How did the Inca record information? A. Using hieroglyphics B. Using quipu C. Using an abacus D. Using the alphabet A B C D Section 2

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Section 3-Essential Question How was the way of life of the Native Americans of North America related to their environment? Section 3-Essential Question

Reading Guide Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary pueblo federation clan Academic Vocabulary channel structure Section 3-Key Terms

Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events Mound Builders Iroquois Section 3-Key Terms

Section 3-Polling Question Do you feel that you could adapt easier to a cold climate or a warm climate? A. Cold B. Warm A B Section 3-Polling Question

Early Native Americans The Hohokam, the Anasazi, and the Mound Builders were among the most advanced of early North American civilizations. Section 3

Early Native Americans (cont.) Facts about the Hohokam: Their way of life depended on irrigation channels they dug to carry river water into their fields. They left behind pottery, carved stone, and shells etched with acid. Section 3

Early Native Americans (cont.) Facts about the Anasazi: They built pueblos–huge structures made of stone and earth. They also built dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs. Section 3

Early Native Americans (cont.) Facts about the Mound Builders: Some of the mounds contained burial chambers, while some were topped with temples. The Adena and the Hopewell were two cultures that built mounds. The largest settlement of the Mound Builders was Cahokia. Selected Sites of the Mound Builders Section 3

The Mound Builders appeared to be related to which two cultures? A. Anasazi and Hopewell B. Maya and Aztec C. Inuit and Iroquois A B C Section 3

Other Native North Americans The early inhabitants of North America developed ways of life that were well suited to their environments. Section 3

Other Native North Americans (cont.) The people who settled in the northern-most part of North America built igloos in the winter, and were hunters and fishers. Peoples of the West depended on the forest and the sea. Most of the peoples of the Southeast and Southwest farmed, but the Apache and Navajo were hunters and gatherers. Native American Cultures Section 3

Other Native North Americans (cont.) Peoples of the Plains were nomadic. Peoples of the East formed complex societies. The Iroquois and Cherokee had formal law codes and formed federations. The different members of the Iroquois League were organized according to clans. Section 3

People from which area used horses to hunt and fight? A. Southwest B. Plains C. East D. Southeast A B C D Section 3

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archaeology the study of ancient peoples Vocab1

artifact an item left behind by early people that represents their culture Vocab2

nomad person who moves from place to place in search of food or grazing land Vocab3

migration a movement of a large number of people into a new homeland Vocab4

maize an early form of corn grown by Native Americans Vocab5

carbon dating a scientific method used to determine the age of an artifact Vocab6

culture a way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs Vocab7

source a supply Vocab8

estimate approximate number Vocab9

civilization a highly developed culture, usually with organized religions and laws Vocab10

theocracy a form of government in which the society is ruled by religious leaders Vocab11

hieroglyphics an ancient form of writing using symbols and pictures to represent words, sounds, and concepts Vocab12

Quechua language spoken by the Inca Vocab13

quipu calculating device developed by the Inca Vocab14

terrace a raised piece of land with the top leveled off to promote farming Vocab15

complex complicated; highly detailed Vocab16

link join or connect Vocab17

pueblo home or community of homes built by Native Americans Vocab18

federation a type of government that links different groups together Vocab19

clan a group united by a common interest or characteristic Vocab20

channel a trench or groove to allow the passage of water Vocab21

structure something that is constructed or built Vocab22

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