Revolution I. Beginning of conflict –A. English send 55,000 troops 1. 30,000 are German Mercenaries (Hessians) 2. Continental Army faced largest military force ever sent to North America

English Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages well trained large navy professional army military leadership Disadvantages Hessians distance limited knowledge of geography

American Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages home field cause: freedom &liberty knowledge of geography Disadvantages Military leadership lacked trained army lacked supplies

B. American Forces –1. Quickly reduced to 20,000 –2. Continental Army on the run trying to survive –3. Reduced to 5,000 men by December, 1776

I. Battle of Trenton December 26, 1776 A. Cause appears lost B. American morale is low C. Thomas Paine “The Crisis”

D. Washington crosses the Delaware River E. Attacks Hessians –1. 1,000 in 45 minutes –2. Effect- American morale booster proves we might be able to win

II. Battle of Princeton- January 3, 1777 A. Washington & force of 1,500 defeat British in a surprise attack B. Effect- Continental Congress more control & power to recruit

C Washington settles into Morristown, New Jersey for the winter.

By 1777, it is clear that America is in need of foreign money & support to win the Revolution.

III. Saratoga- October,1777 A. English General- John Burgoyne developed a 3 prong attack – 1. Plan failed a. poor communication b. American forces blocked roads English surrender

B. Effect- major turning point of the American Revolution C. Result- French supply troops, guns, & money

IV. Foreign Military Leaders A. Baron von Steuben B. Casimir Pulaski C. Marquis de Lafayette Provide morale, discipline, order, & expertise

V. Battle of Monmouth June, 1778 A. American Victory B. Defeated English General Henry Clinton

1778- British move south in an effort to split and spread the American forces. British felt that loyalist in the South would help them win. They were wrong.

VI. Battle of Yorktown October, 1781 A. Washington learns French fleet sailing toward Chesapeake Bay (Admiral de Grasse) B. General Rochambeau- urges Washington to combine French & American forces

C. Washington- rushed troops south by land D. Admiral de Grasse- blocks Chesapeake bay (British can’t retreat)

E. British General Cornwallis surrenders –1. October 19, 1781 –2. Last battle –3. Song- –“The world Turned Upside Down”

VII. Treaty of Paris, 1783 A. Officially ends the war B. Recognizes American independence C. Grants America land west to the Mississippi

VIII. Influences on the world A. Reduced British Monarchy to a figure head B. Shot Heard ‘Round the World- inspired revolution in other countries C. Continues to inspire