Unit 8 Important Empires II

I. Map

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Effects of Geography: Island location: Japan – 4 main islands and thousands of smaller islands Difficult to unite Isolated from other cultures Homogenous: everyone on the culture is similar to one another. The culture of Japan developed sepertely and independently from other cultures.

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Mountains: Little good Land Available for Farming Very dependent on the sea for transportation and food Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Could easily destroy the islands Unstable environment taught the people a high respect for nature (often used in their art)

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Feudalism Feudal Society Shogun: Military Commander with the real power (emperor was symbolic leader) Gave land to others (i.e. samurai)

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Feudalism Feudal Society Samurai: “Those who serve”; warriors Given land to protect others Bushido: “The Way of the Warrior” – code of conduct for samurai (European – Chivalry) Loyal Brave Honorable

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Strong Family that ruled for almost 300 years Brought stability and unity to Japan under the Tokugawa family of shoguns Culture bloomed during their reign

II. Tokugawa Shogunate (Empire) Policy of Isolationism: The Tokugawa isolated Japan from the rest of the world by CHOICE! Separated from other cultures (No Foreigners in; No Japanese out)

III. Mongol Empire Origins: Nomadic People from the Grasslands of Central Asia Built the largest unified empire Took China then moved westward

III. Mongol Empire Genghis Khan Khan = “World Emperor” 1200 A.D – unified all Mongols under his rule Known for spreading terror and destruction

III. Mongol Empire Kublai Khan Grandson of Ghenghis Khan Centered in China but spread the empire to the Middle East – stable and peaceful When he dies the empire fell apart

III. Mongol Empire Russia The Mongols ruled Russia for 250 years Long Term Impact The Mongols showed Russians how to have an absolute government Isolated Russia from Western Europe (No Renaissance ideas)

III. Mongol Empire Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta Marco Polo – European Traveler to China His writings sparked interest in Europe for Chises goods Ibn Battuta – an African Muslim, traveled extensively throughout the Middle East and China His writings are useful today as an historical resources.

V. West African Empires Sahara Trade Route Beginning between 800 —1000 A.D., Muslim traders in caravans created trade routes across the Sahara Desert Ghana, Mali, Songhai

V. West African Empires Arab Traders: Arabia was a great location for trade - Silk road to China - Sea route to India and the Spice Islands - Mediterranean Sea to Europe - Caravan routes across the Sahara Desert

V. West African Empires Products Traded: (In Africa) - Muslims brought salt to Africans in exchange for gold “A block of salt was worth its weight in gold” Also: - Ivory, lumber, tin and other resources - Slaves

V. West African Empires Arab Cultural Contributions: Arabs introduced other cultural things: - Islam - Technology (math, science, medicine)

V. West African Empires Traditional African Social Identities Extended Family: - More than the nuclear family (mom, dad, kids) - Grandparents or other relatives living in the home Clan: A group of related extended families who descended from a common ancestor   Tribe: A group of related clans

V. West African Empires Mansa Musa: - Powerful King of the Empire of Mali - Converted to Islam, which facilitated cultural diffusion

V. West African Empires Oral Tradition: - Passing down customs, traditions and culture through story telling for education and entertainment - How the history of African cultures is passed to future generations

The Lost City

ANDES MOUNAINS (ANDY’S) Latin America (5pts) LAND BRIDGE MEXICO RAIN FORESTS ANDES MOUNAINS (ANDY’S) MAYA (MY –A) AZTEC INCA (INK – A)

Foods from MesoAmerica (5pts) TOMATOES BEANS CHOCOLATE MAIZE (MAZE) SQUASH POTATOES VANILLA

GULF COAST STONE HEADS GRINNING JAGUAR SERPENTS PRIESTLY LEADERSHIP THE OLMEC (10 pts) GULF COAST STONE HEADS GRINNING JAGUAR SERPENTS PRIESTLY LEADERSHIP TEMPLES TRADE

YUCATAN (YOU –KA-TAN) FARMING TIKAL (TEA-CALL) HIEROGLYPOHICS CALENDAR THE MAYA (10 Points) YUCATAN (YOU –KA-TAN) FARMING TIKAL (TEA-CALL) HIEROGLYPOHICS CALENDAR ZERO LOST CITIES

VALLEY OF MEXICO FLOATING GARDENS TRIBUTE EMPIRE SUN GOD THE AZTEC (10 points) VALLEY OF MEXICO FLOATING GARDENS TRIBUTE EMPIRE SUN GOD HUMAN SACRIFICE BALL GAMES WARFARE

PERU ROADS METALWORKING BRAIN SURGURY TERRACE FARMING POLYTHEISTIC THE INCA (15 points) PERU ROADS METALWORKING BRAIN SURGURY TERRACE FARMING POLYTHEISTIC GOVERNMENT CONTROL

VI. Empires of MesoAmerica Meso-America: "Middle America" Maya: • Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico • Peaceful farmers Aztec: • Central Mexico • Fierce warriors Inca: • Mountains of Peru • Highly organized government

Toltecs: warlike Mesoamerican group which controlled central Mexico from 900-1200 A.D.

Mayas: Mesoamerica society of 300-900 A. D Mayas: Mesoamerica society of 300-900 A.D. City-state empire based in Yucatan Peninsula. Reason for decline unknown El Castillo

The Shadow of the Serpent

Tikal: Capital city of the Mayan Empire. Tikal was home to the tallest buildings in the Americas till 1903. 212 feet tall.

Aztec: Mesoamerican society which flourished from 1250-1500 A. D Aztec: Mesoamerican society which flourished from 1250-1500 A.D. By 1500 had a population of 30 million people established a tribute system to gain wealth

Tenochtitlan: Capital City of the Aztec. now called Mexico City

“Floating Gardens”

Aztec foods chocolate, vanilla, corn, chilies (peppers), peanuts, tomatoes, avocados, squash, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, pineapple and papaya.

Huitzilpochtli

Quetzalcoatl: “The Plumed Serpent”, God of the Air to the Aztec Quetzalcoatl: “The Plumed Serpent”, God of the Air to the Aztec. The legend of this deity will eventually haunt the Aztec

Montezuma: Aztec ruler who believed Hernan Cortez to be Quetzalcoatl. "The divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of this precious drink [cocoa] permits a man to walk for a whole day without food." Montezuma II (1502-1520)

Incas: People of South America who ruled the Andes Mountain region from 1200-early 1500.

Machu Picchu: Incan city built 7000 ft above sea level which was abandoned for 300 yrs before it was rediscovered.

Quipu: a collection of knotted colored strings which the Incas used as a system of keeping records such as population.

ayllus: Incan communities                                

VI. Empires of MesoAmerica Their Significance: More advanced than other "American" cultures of their time Advanced developments: • Architecture — great temples and cities • Agriculture — able to support large city populations • Science — Math — used zero — Medicine — performed surgery — Astronomy — 365 1/4 day calendar — Engineering — over 12, 000 miles of roads

VII. Ottoman Empire Origin: • Out of central Turkey • Turkish Muslims (not Arab Muslims) Fall of Constantinople: • Changed the name to Istanbul • Became a "Muslim" capital of the Ottoman Empire

VII. Ottoman Empire Suleiman I: "Suleiman the Magnificent" rules during the golden age of the empire (1520-1566) • Added much territory to the empire Impact on European trade: The Ottomans dominated trade around the Mediterranean Sea forcing Europeans to find others routes to Asia

VIII. Essential Questions How did Japan's geographic location relate to its policy of isolationism? Japan's island location led to natural isolation from other cultures • Isolationism — later they chose to remain isolated

VIII. Essential Questions 2. What are the similarities and differences between Japanese and European Feudalism? Similarities — Owe allegiance to one above you — Warriors (chivalry, bushido — code of honor) — Strict social classes — Land based system Differences — Status of women — Where the real power was (king, shogun-emperor had no power) — Position of merchants

VIII. Essential Questions 3. How did the Ottoman Empire's geographical location interfere with European trade with the Eastern cultures? — Ottoman empire blocked trade with Asia — Europeans were forced to find their own new all-water routes to get to Asia

VIII. Essential Questions Why were the Maya, Aztec and Inca considered to be advanced civilizations? — Medicine — Astronomy — Architecture — Engineering Intellectual developments were far more advanced than other Native American cultures