Bellwork: p. 240 “Witness History” Chief Satanta 1. what is the topic? 2. How does Santanta describe his emotions? 3.Why?

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native Americans were forced to assimilate: to adopt the culture & civilization of the dominant group in a society Though they had been pushed onto reservations where their native cultures were banned, some insisted on boarding schools to be “like all other Americans.” Before and after entering Carlisle Indian School

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Replaced the reservation system with an allotment system: Granted each Indian family their own plot of land Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act to encourage assimilation. Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 divided reservation land into private family plots

Using the handout, answer the following questions: 1. Why does the warrior Chief Joseph suddenly decide to stop fighting? 2. What are the living conditions of the Nez Perce? 3. What happened when the Nez Perce were ordered to a reservation? Were they successful? 4. Do you agree with Chief Joseph’s surrender? Why or why not?

vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer transcontinental railroad – rail link between the eastern and western United States land grant – land designated by the federal government for building schools, roads, or railroads open-range system – system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam and graze freely Homestead Act – 1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road Exodusters –African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

What economic and social factors changed the West after the Civil War? In the late 1800s, miners, rail workers, ranchers, and farmers moved to the frontier in hopes of building better lives. The industrial and agricultural booms they created helped transform the West. OBJECTIVES: Analyze the impact of mining & railroads on the settlement of the West. Explain how ranching affected western development. Discuss the ways various peoples lived in the West and their impact on the environment.

Mining camps quickly sprang up. Many camps grew into thriving towns. Gold seekers or prospectors rushed to the site, hoping to strike it rich. Others followed, bringing food and supplies. The discovery of gold & silver created the first great boom in the West—mining.

Because they had no judges or jails, miners often set their own rules for administering justice. Some towns, however, disappeared as quickly as they appeared. Boomtowns turned to ghost towns when the gold & silver ran out. vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer

The railroads soon began work to fulfill a longtime goal—to build a transcontinental railroad linking the East and the West. As industries grew in the West, so did the need for railroads to transport goods and people. The government supported this goal through loans & land grants. transcontinental railroad – rail link between the eastern & western U.S. land grant – land designated by the federal govt. for building schools, roads/railroads

In 1863, the Central Pacific headed eastward from Sacramento. The Union Pacific headed westward from Omaha. They finally met at Promontory, Utah, in 1869.

Tied the nation together—unity! Moved products & people Spurred industrial development Stimulated the growth of towns & cities Encouraged settlers to continue to move west Work on the railroad had been difficult & dangerous. But it brought tremendous changes to the country.

The railroad boom encouraged another western boom—the cattle boom. For years, Mexican ranchers had used an open-range system for raising livestock. Property was not fenced in. Cattle were branded, then grazed freely. Cowboys rounded up the cattle each spring. open-range system – system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam & graze freely

Reasons the open- range system ended The invention of barbed wire made fencing cheap. The supply of beef exceeded demand, and prices dropped. Extreme weather led to the death of herds. By the mid-1880s, however, the cattle boom was coming to an end: New inventions and farming methods, however, made life easier. Barbed wire-Grain drill Stronger plow-Windmill Dry-farming techniques

Like miners and ranchers, farmers also moved west, looking for a better life. Railroad companies encouraged pioneer settlement. So did the government. Under the 1862 Homestead Act, the government gave land to farmers willing to tend it. Easterners, Exodusters, & immigrants soon poured onto the Great Plains. Homestead Act – 1862, government offered 160 acre farms to anyone willing to live on the land for five yrs, dig a well, & build a road

Life on the Plains was difficult & lonely. With little wood available, homesteaders made houses from sod. Storms, droughts, and locusts ruined crops. Exodusters – African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

The last land rush happened in 1889, when the govt. opened the Oklahoma Territory to homesteaders. In 1890, the gov’t. declared that there was no land left for homesteading. The frontier closed.

Bell work: Complete p. 257