Go Forth and Conquer!!

Belief in limited government Domination of laissez-faire theory Presidents are not innovators Limited issues: Civil Service, Currency, Tariffs Corruption Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley

Granger movement  Northern and Southern Farmer Alliances  The Populist (People’s Party) Omaha Platform (1892) Impact of Panic of 1873 Coxey’s Army (1894) The Silver Issue: Bland-Allison Act, Sherman Silver Purchase Act Impact of Panic of 1893 Significance of 1896 Election: Populist demise, urban dominance, beginning of modern politics

Origins, motives, philosophy The muckrakers Political Reforms in Cities and States: A. Voter participation 1. Australian, or secret, ballot 2. Direct primaries, direct election of U.S. senators 3. Initiative, referendum, recall 4. Social reform

B. Municipal reform 1. Controlling public utilities 2. Commissions and city managers C. State Reform 1. Robert M. LaFollette and “The Wisconsin Idea” 2. Temperance and prohibition

“Square Deal” for labor Trust-busting [Northern Securities Company, Standard Oil] Railroad regulation: Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) Consumer protection: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle 1. Pure Food and Drug Act 2. Meat Inspection Act Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act (1902); established a National Conservation Commission (Gifford Pinchot)

Almost twice as many trust prosecuted Established Bureau of Mines; set aside federal oil lands Mann-Elkins Act (1910) Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

 High import tariffs.  Put limitations on female and child labor.  Workman’s Compensation Laws.  Against initiative, referendum, and recall.  Against “bad” trusts.  Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.  Stay on the gold standard.  Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.

 Government control of the monopolies  trusts in general were bad  eliminate them!!  Tariff reduction.  One-term President.  Direct election of Senators.  Create a Department of Labor.  Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.  Did NOT support women’s suffrage.  Opposed to a central bank.

 Women’s suffrage.  Graduated income tax.  Inheritance tax for the rich.  Lower tariffs.  Limits on campaign spending.  Currency reform.  Minimum wage laws.  Social insurance.  Abolition of child labor.  Workmen’s compensation.

 Government ownership of railroads and utilities.  Guaranteed income tax.  No tariffs.  8-hour work day.  Better housing.  Government inspection of factories.  Women’s suffrage.

Year Socialist Party Socialist Labor PartyTotal , , , , ,27536, , ,93133,405130, ,49453,763277, ,23033,546441, ,04320,265351, ,48814,021438, ,67434,115641, ,873

Tariff reduction: Underwood Tariff (1913) Banking Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1914) Business regulation: 1. Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) 2. Federal Trade Commission (1914) Other reforms: 1. Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) 2. Child Labor Act (1916) [declared unconstitutional in the 1918 case of Hammer v. Dagenhart]