Marine Classification

What Makes something alive?

Characteristics of Living Things Life requires 2 things to exist Matter- 13 elements make up 99% of mass of living things Energy- Capacity to do work Life needs energy to perform processes of life Reproduction, growth, movement, eating, etc. Living things are made up of cells Cells are the smallest whole structure that can be defined in a living thing

Matter and Energy in Living Systems How do living things obtain matter and energy?

Obtaining Matter and Energy Autotrophy (trophikos=noursishment) Obtain energy from the sun or from chemical processes Self feeding Heterotrophy (hetero=other) Obtain energy from consuming other organisms

Processes involved in obtaining energy Respiration Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Respiration Autotrophs and Heterotrophs perform respiration Process of releasing energy from a carbohydrate to perform the functions of life Occurs in mitochondria Release of energy from breaking down sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O > 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + chemical energy

Photosynthesis-Autotrophy Photosynthesis Occurs in chloroplasts Solar energy captured by chlorophyll Oxygen by-product Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ----> 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6

Chemosynthesis- Autotrophy Process of using energy- rich compounds to create energy-rich organic compounds Instead of sunlight being the energy source, chemical energy is the energy source Chemical energy is from minerals in hot springs or from methane in deep oceans

The diversity of marine life The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale) Number of known marine species: 250,000

Classification of living things Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life: Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Figure 12-1

Classification of living things Organisms can also be classified into one of six kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Figure 12-1

Classification of living things Archeabacteria Prokaryotic (no membrane bound nucleus) simple cells Extremophiles common in the ocean Live in hydrothermal vents\ Oldest life on earth Eubacteria Also prokaryotes Bacteria are responsible for many necessities of life, ex nitrogen fixation, or healthy bacteria in our digestive tract

Classification of living things Protista Very abundant in oceans (what we call seaweed) We classify these into divisions instead of phyla More complex cell structures, cell wall and membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic) We will study these way more next!!!!1 Fungi Complex cell structure Decomposers, not very common in marine environments

Classification of living things Plantae Only about 200 marine plants have been identified Submergent plants live completely underwater Emergent plants with roots underwater and rest of the plant above We will talk much more about these in the next unit as well Animalia Most complex of all kingdoms, we will study these extensively 4 th quarter : )

Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings: Kingdom Phylum (Division for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification of living things Classification is a way or organizing characteristics of life We use binomial nomenclature (2 names)to name specific organisms For example- humans are Homo sapiens Notice the H is capital, s small case, and the whole name is italicized

Classification of living things Names used in taxonomy have latin origins and usually mean something related to the organisms characteristics For example- Homo sapiens, means “wise man”

Taxonomic classification of selected organisms CategoryHumanKiller whaleGiant kelp KingdomAnimalia Protoctista PhylumChordata Phaeophyta Subphylum Vertebrata ClassMammalia Phaeophycae OrderPrimatesCetaceaLaminariales FamilyHominidaeDelphinidaeLessoniaceae GenusHomoOrcinusMacrocystis Speciessapiensorcapyrifera

Classification of marine organisms Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility: 1. Plankton (floaters) Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae) Zooplankton (drifting animals) 2. Nekton (swimmers) 3. Benthos (bottom dwellers)

Plankton: Examples Figure 12-2 PhytoplanktonZooplankton

Nekton: Examples Figure 12-4

Benthos: Examples Figure 12-5

Life cycle of a squid Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages Squid are considered meroplankton Meroplankton- spend par of their life as plankton and part as nekton or benthos Haloplankton- spend life as plankton Figure 12-3

Symmetry 3 types of symmetry Asymmetry- non symmetrical Radial- more than one line of symmetry Bilateral- only one line of symmetry

Distribution of species on Earth The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6