The Skeletal and Muscular Systems By: Jenna Wozniak, Salma Shedbalkar, Alex Lawson, and Bill Didier

The Skeletal System

Two Major Systems of Bones Born w/275 bones in body Bone is made up of 3 major parts: compact bone, soft bone, and sponge bone Axial skeleton: made up of 80 bones; in skull, ribs, sternum Appendicular: made up of 126 bones; in shoulders, pelvis, and attached limbs

Major Functions Protects vital organs Gives shape to body Allows movement Marrow Supports body Stores minerals

Skeletal Problems

Problems/Treatments Scoliosis Arthritis Disclocation Fractures Osteoporosis Rickets Spina bifida Marfan syndrome Osteopathy Bone marrow transplants Back braces Casts Vitamin D Surgery Artificial limbs

Bone Marrow Soft, spongy, reddish Fills most of bone Blood cells are produced in the marrow in some bones An average of 2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second Transplants

Joints

Joints Continued

Body Movement Interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems Muscles are connected to bones by tendons Bones are connected to each other by ligaments Muscles create movement by contracting and relaxing

The Muscular System

650 muscles in human body 3 different type of muscle tissues 2 types of muscles Human heart

Problems/Treatments Cramps Strains Sprains Spasms Muscle fatigue Calcium Magnesium Bromelian Creatine 48 hours of cold w/elevation, then heat

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Striated, voluntary Attached to bones Work in pairs: flexors and extensors

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Striated, involuntary Found only in heart wall Contracts and relaxes

Smooth Muscle Tissue Striated, involuntary Found in walls of all internal hollow organs Performs the organs functions

Types of Muscles and Response (Initiated by nerve impulse) –Involuntary –Voluntary All or none response: A muscle twitch is an all-or- none response; it consists of a lag phase, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. Threshold stimulus Contraction twitch latent period period of contraction period of relaxation

New Technology Cardiomyoplasty: experimental procedure Transplanting muscles into heart Becomes a mechanical assistant to a weak heart Transplanted muscle can learn to act as an original heart muscle Allows patient to have better quality life

Bibliography &et=2. 4&et=2 M. M BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach, production by PC&F, Hudson, New Hampshire, 1987,1992,1998 by BSCS. The Skeletal System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994 The Muscular System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994