Sound a little different than MLK..? “You're not supposed to be so blind with patriotism that you can't face reality. Wrong is wrong, no matter who says it.” “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you’re a man you take it.” “I don't even call it violence when it's in self defense; I call it intelligence.” “I am for violence if non-violence means we continue postponing a solution to the American black man's problem just to avoid violence.”

“An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law,” MLK. “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery,” Malcolm X.

Why would a more militant/non violent movement emerge?

The Rise of Militancy Change too slow/not enough As late as 1969, 15 years after Brown, only 1 percent of the black students in the Deep South states were attending public schools with whites. As late as 1969, 15 years after Brown, only 1 percent of the black students in the Deep South states were attending public schools with whites. Anti-miscegenation laws until 67’ Anti-miscegenation laws until 67’ Poor living conditions, menial jobs defacto segregation - “white flight” defacto segregation - “white flight” 1950s, the white population of Detroit declined by 23%, non-whites rose from 16.1% to 29.1%. Black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 during that decade. 1950s, the white population of Detroit declined by 23%, non-whites rose from 16.1% to 29.1%. Black population of Detroit increased from 303,000 to 487,000 during that decade. Wall along eight mile road – Detroit Wall along eight mile road – Detroit Police violence ** Harlem, one black police officer for every six white police officers/ In Newark, NJ 145 of the 1322 police officers were black/ 16 of Oakland, Ca’s 661 police officers were African American Harlem, one black police officer for every six white police officers/ In Newark, NJ 145 of the 1322 police officers were black/ 16 of Oakland, Ca’s 661 police officers were African American

The Nation of Islam Detroit, Wallace Fard Muhammad, 1930’, Detroit  Messiah, “Prophet Muhammad”  Christianity white man’s religion  Empower spiritually, economically, socially, politically  Black pride = Black Muslims  Racial pride, black political and cultural institutions, advance black values Elijah Muhammad Elijah Muhammad, Chicago  34’ until 75’  African Americans should separate from white society  Armed self-defense  Avoid draft

“..The entire American economy is based on white supremacy. Even the religious philosophies, in essence, white supremacy. A white Jesus. A white Virgin. White angels. White everything. But a black Devil, of course. The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second−class citizenship. It goes without saying that the social philosophy is strictly white supremacist. And the educational system perpetuates white supremacy. ” Malcolm X

Malcolm X Malcolm Little – Omaha, Nebraska --Hard early life Conversion in jail (common) --blacks should achieve what is theirs “by all means necessary” “The Hate that Hate Produced” Split with NOI in 64’ – Elijah Muhammad scandal Trip to Mecca, Saudi Arabia --“ballots over bullets” Replaced by L. Farrakhan Malcolm X assassinated 1965

Malcolm's dislike for the white race was formed early in life. "My father was the color of this," he once recalled, pointing to his black shoes, "and my mother, whose mother was raped by a white man, was light enough to pass for white. I hate every drop of white blood in me because it is the blood of a rapist."...

The Black Panthers (for Self-Defense) Formed in Oakland, CA Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Police brutality – Economic Exploitation “Free Breakfast for Children “Free Breakfast for Children Black Power Economic exploitation Economic exploitation Ten-Point Program, "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace“ Ten-Point Program, "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace“ Stokely Carmichael and SNCC 67’ – more militant 67’ – more militant "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!" "This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"

Riots Break Out in Northern Cities Philadelphia 1964 Jersey City, Paterson, Elizabeth 1964 Watts Riots (LA) 1965 Newark and Plainfield 1967 “powder keg” “powder keg” 26 people died during the riots. More than 700 were injured, and there were 1,500 arrests 26 people died during the riots. More than 700 were injured, and there were 1,500 arrests Detroit 1967 Chicago 1968 Baltimore 1968

" You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: 'now, you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.' You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair... This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result."

Civil Rights Continues Executive Order on “affirmative action” – 65’ Civil Rights Act 68’ – fair housing, renting Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg – 71’

Watts Riots Watts Riots Watts Riots Watts Riots -Newark Race Riots -audio slide show In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.