Migration: Why do people Migrate?

Vocab Cyclic Movement: movement that has a closed route and is repeated seasonally or annually Nomadism: movement along a definite set of places Activity Space: with in which daily activity occurs Transhumance: a seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

Vocab Periodic Movement: movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation, ex. Military, college students Place Utility: the usefulness of a place Space-Time Prism: A diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined Chain Migration: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or member of the same nationality previously migrated there

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (1889) Most migrants move only a short distance. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent. There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow. Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry. Additional Laws Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas. males are more migratory than females. Economic factors are the main cause of migration. I think these are confusing – next slide better stated

Ravensteins Laws -restated Most migrants go only a short distance. Longer-distance migration favors big city destinations. Most migration proceeds step-by-step. Most migration is rural to urban. Each migration flow produces a counterflow. Most migrants are adults. Most international migrants are male. 1. Ask how many have moved across town or within NC? 2. Ask If moving to another country – which city? Most are only familiar with big cities..also more opportunities, more pulls 3. Step migration - I explain go from farm to close city to big city to another county’s big city to suburb of that country’s big city 4. In world most migration is rural to urban, but in US urban to suburban 5. I don’t really understand the counterflow, but there is a map that shows while some move urban to suburban in US others are moving to city 6 & 7 self-explanatory (Fellman 87)

The Classic Stages 1929 by Warren Thompson Stage 5 Pre-Modern Industrializing /Urbanization Can explain that 2/3 are sources of migration while 4/5 are destinations of migration Women worldwide are having fewer children in their lifetimes, from an average of five children born per woman in the 1950s to below three in 2000. All of the most recent projections put forth by the UN assume that levels of childbearing will continue to decline in the next century. 1929 by Warren Thompson Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths. www.prb.org

Zelinsky’s Theory of Migration (1960s or 70s) Phase one (“Premodern traditional society”): This is before the onset of the urbanization, and there is very little migration. Natural increase rates are about zero. Phase two (“Early transitional society”): There is “massive movement from countryside to cities... as a community experiences the process of modernization”. There is “rapid rate of natural increase”. Phase three (“Late transitional society”): This phase corresponds to the “critical rung...of the mobility transition” where urban-to-urban migration surpasses the rural to- urban migration, where rural-to-urban migration “continues Just connect it to DTM

Zelinsky’s Migration Theory (con’t) Phase four (“Advanced society”): The “movement from countryside to city continues but is further reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorous movement of migrants from city to city and within individual urban agglomerations...especially within a highly elaborated lattice of major and minor metropolises” is observed. There is “slight to moderate rate of natural increase or none at all”. Phase five (“Future superadvanced society”): “Nearly all residential migration may be of the interurban and intraurban variety….No plausible predictions of fertility behavior,... a stable mortality pattern slightly below present levels”.

1. According to Wilbur Zelinsky’s theory of Migration Transition, A) a person living in a country that is in stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is very unlikely to migrate internationally. B) a person living in a country that is in stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is most likely to migrate internationally. C) a person living in a country that is in stage 3 or 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is likely to migrate internally. D) all of the above. E) A and B only. D

Push/Pull Factors Economic _______________ Few job opportunities Everett Lee’s Push/Pull Theory (1960’s) Economic _______________ Few job opportunities ______________ Jobs are available Cultural Freedom; democracy Forced migration; slavery; political instability Environment ________________ Physically attractive Hazardous areas

Gravity Model Distance Decay – interaction between two places decreases as the distance increases. Gravity Model – predicts the interaction between two bodies as a function of their size and distance Pa Pb Dab2 Students do not have to know the math. I explain that W-S has more contact with Greensboro & Charlotte than Fort Worth, Texas (approx. size of Charlotte). G’boro b/c it is reasonably close and reasonably big. Charlotte b/c bigger and only a little further away. I =

Migration to California DISCUSSION: How does this map reflect the gravity model's ability to predict migration to California? Phoenix pop -1.5 mil Charlotte pop – ¾ mil Baltimore pop – 600,000 Columbia, SC pop – 130,000 Greensboro, NC pop 250,000 W-S pop 225,000 Migration to California Figure 4.6 (p. 95)

Intervening Opportunity Model aka Intervening Obstacles (can also be natural barriers) If leaving Mexico for NC but car breaks down in Oklahoma or get a job in Oklahoma Going to Boone for college and planning to end up in Atlanta but meet a local and get married.

A-Ruby Tues. B-BK C-McD D-Cracker B E-Olive G. F-I-Hop G-Red Lob. H-Bleu I-Bojangles J-BK @HM Intervening opp/obst – let’s get some lunc h – where to? Olive Garden but too far – well we are right here at Bojangles.

Lee’s Push/Pull Model

2. The term “transhumance” refers to nomadic pastoralism that is seasonal b. slash and burn agriculture the movement of liquid in plants d. the movement of soil on a hillside the mobility of an advanced economic society 3. Which is a current intraregional migration trend in the United States? metropolitan to non metropolitan b. net emigration from the northeast c. urban to suburban d. rural to urban Transhumance – A Intraregional mig – C

a. The majority of immigrants move only a short distance. 4. Which of the following is not one of Ernst Ravenstein’s migration laws? a. The majority of immigrants move only a short distance. b. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destination. c. Each migration flow produces a counterflow. d. Families are less likely to make international moves than young, single adults. e. Push factors are usually more important than pull factors in explaining why people migrate. E (because it is Lee’s push/pull)

5. Refugees migrate primarily because of which type of push factor? environmental b. circulation c. cultural d. economic 6. Which of the following events would be considered a migration pull factor? revolutionary takeover of a government b. flooding of a river opening of a new factory failed harvest 7. The most important pull factor for migrants to North America is economic b. political c. forced d. environmental Refugees - C Mig Pull – C Pull to N.AM - A

C) Multi-ethnic neighborhoods. D) Urban slums. 8. Which of the following is an effect of Chain Migration on the area of destination? A) Cultural homelands. B) Culture clusters. C) Multi-ethnic neighborhoods. D) Urban slums. E) Urban ethnic enclaves. Ans E