Development of Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Receiver Veena G Dikshit Sc ‘E’ ADE, Bangalore 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore Introduction Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) involve satellites, ground stations and user equipment to determine positions around the world and are now used across many areas of society GNSS GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo(Europe), Augmentation Systems (SBAS, GBAS), IRNS (India), QuasiZenth (Japan) Fuelling growth during the next decade will be next generation GNSS that are currently being developed. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore GNSS SYSTEM GPS Modernization Improved code on the L2 frequency of GPS (called L2C) – ionospheric error, more immune to RF interference and multipath. The first Block IIR-M during October 2005. Under currently published plans, that is not expected to occur until 2013 or beyond. A third civil frequency at 1176.45MHz (called L5) on the Block IIF satellites. Full operational capability is unlikely until 2015. GPS-III, (extra L2 and L5 signals of the Block IIR-M and Block IIF satellites), Thirty GPS-III satellites are planned for launch from about 2013 until 2018. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore GLONASS from Russia GLONASS-M (L1 and L2 bands ) satellites with an improved 7-year design lifetime. 2007 to 2008 planned to launch GLONASS-K satellites with improved performance, also transmit a third civil signal (L3). Stated intention is to achieve a full 24-satellite constellation transmitting two civil signals by 2010. Full constellation is planned to be broadcasting three sets of civil signals by 2012. Indian Government announced at the end of 2004 that it would be contributing funds to assist Russia to revitalize GLONASS. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore Galileo from the European Union Constellation of 30 satellites, increased altitude (approximately 3000km higher than GPS) which will enable better signal availability at high latitudes. Exact signal structure is still liable to change, Galileo satellites broadcast signals compatible with the L1(E5a E5b) and L5 GPS signals. Galileo will also broadcast in a third frequency band at E6; which is not at the same frequency as L2/L2C of GPS. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore Current plan is to offer 5 levels of service: Open Service uses the basic signals, free-to-air to the public with performance similar to GPS and GLONASS. Safety of Life Service allows similar accuracy as the Open Service but with increased guarantees of the service, including improved integrity monitoring to warn users of any problems. Public Regulated Service is aimed at public authorities providing civil protection and security (eg police), with encrypted access for users requiring a high level of performance and protection against interference or jamming. Search and Rescue Service is designed to enhance current space-based services (such as COSPAS/SARSAT) by improving the time taken to respond to alert messages from distress beacons. Commercial Service allows for tailored solutions for specific applications based on supplying better accuracy, improved service guarantees and higher data rates. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore GNSS Signal Spectrum 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore BENEFITS OF GNSS Availability of Signals Extra satellites improve continuity Extra satellites and signals can improve accuracy Extra satellites and signals can improve efficiency Extra satellites and signals can improve availability (of satellites at a particular location) Extra satellites and signals can improve reliability 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

GNSS RECEIVERS DESIGN APPROACHES A typical GNSS Receiver 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Software Receiver (SDR) Architecture 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Comparison of ASIC and SDR Features ASIC SDR Upgradability A fixed platform. Dictate the potential capabilities of the receiver Re-programmable Re-configurable Separation of Hardware Multi system upgrades changes in base band processing Hardware Simple software change Acquisition Serial search Acquisition Convolution in the time domain Using correlation technique Parallel Search Acquisition FFT, Multiplication in the frequency domain Buffering memory Tracking More efficient Cost effective Depends on the processor MIPS availability Power Consumtion Less power consumtion More power consumption Cost effectiveness More Hardware, More cost Less Hardware less cost 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Development of GNSS Receiver GPS L1 (Current) GPS L1 & L2 GPS + GLONASS + SBAS GPS + L5 + GLONASS + GALILEO GPS + L5 + GLONASS + GALILEO + SBAS + GBAS GPS + L5 + GLONASS + GALILEO + SBAS + GBAS + IRNS BY 2015 position every where with decimeter and even centimeter accuracy will be widely available and affordable ISSUSES Lack of uniform compatibility Differing Timing of Operational availability Hybrid receiver Architecture required 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore architecture. Software receiver approach is nearly ideal in terms of cost and system integration, as only a single front end is needed to process all of the signals 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Challenges in the next generation receivers Antenna Unit Two Narrow band separated by 402 MHz Broad band antenna covering multiple band signals Challenge low cost satellite navigation receiver antenna requires – circular polarization with adequate axial ratio and the medium gain. RF Front end Challenge proper on/OFF chip filter design and component selection will improve the system performance. 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Demands are on the edge of currently available DSP Digital Signal processing (A Big Challenge !?) Multi-system receivers - Increased number of correlator channels Dual band 2 correlator Demand on the processing power depend on implementation Implementation depend on the dynamics of the application Approach either software correlator or trditional hardware correlator on FPGA To process a single C/A code channel with one chip correlator spacing reqire a processing capacity of 4 MIPS Increase in band width 2 t0 20 MHz wide band signals MIPS requirement increases by factor of 10 To reduce the noise level 2 bit signal sampling further MIPS requirement increases by factor 3 Finally for 48 channel 5760 MIPS are required Demands are on the edge of currently available DSP 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore

Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore Conclusion Modernization trend, complexity, multitude of users and application, Availability of different systems, differing time scale of availability are Considered the development of the GNSS receiver for the defense application offers a great challenge which need to be tackled right from now 06/09/07 Veena G Dikshit, Sc 'E' , ADE, Bangalore