Zoology Phylum Chordates Class Amphibians

I. Intro to Amphibians A. Meaning…  ”ability to live on land and water” B. a.k.a.  Tetrapods (4 legs) C. Aquatic  Terrestrial  metamorphosis  always require a water source i. Keep skin moist ii. Needed to lay eggs D. Thin skinned E. Cold blooded – body temp is same as outside temp.

II. Order Caudata A. Name = having a tail B. Ex: salamanders and newts

1. Tropical and Temperate Regions 2. Carnivores a. Arthropods, mollusks, annelids 3. Internal fertilization 4. Posses gills, lungs, or both 5. Ability to regenerate 6. Some have toxic skin 7. Bright and dull colors

III. Order Anura A. Ex: Frogs and Toads B. Anura  w/o a tail (adult) C. Needs water source D. “Jumpers” E. Larvae is called… 1. tadpole 2. polliwog F. Pass through metamorphosis

IV. The Frog A. Habitat + Size 1. Rana Pipiens  common American Frog  Temperate + tropical (Panama - Canada 2. Smallest  1 cm (gold frog) 3. Largest  30 cm (goliath frog)  eats rats and ducks

4. Hibernate  during winter a. Gather fats – insulation  protects body organs B. Enemies + Defense Mechanisms 1. Snakes, birds, raccoons, fish, turtles, humans 2. Defense… a. Quick jumping b. Biting c. Poison glands (poison dart frog) d. Playing dead e. Blow up lungs

C. Declines in Frog Populations 1. Worldwide trend  global warming (changed weather patterns)  pollution  habitat destruction  non-native predators  ozone depletion

D. Integument System (skin) 1. 2 layers a. Epidermis i. Outer layer – can molt ii. Keratin – tough fibrous material -abrasion -water loss *What would have a greater keratin deposit on it’s skin? A frog or a toad? Why? b. Dermis i. Inner layer ii. Mucous glands (keep skin moist)

iii. Serous gland (produces skin poison) iii. Serous gland (produces skin poison)  poison dart frogs  poison dart frogs 2. Chromatophores a. Allow color change (blending in) b. 3 types i. melanophores -brown + black ii. Iridophores -silver / light reflecting iii. Xanthophores -red, blue, orange, yellow

E. Skeletal System 1. Job a. Support body b. Aid in Move c. Protect organs 2. Some Bones to know… a. Urostyle – former tail of tadpole b. Ilium – similar to hips c. Ischium – tailbone d. Phalanges – tips of toes/fingers -4 on hands -5 on feet *Most bones correspond to human bones*

Skull Humerous Urostyle Ischium Femur Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Radio-ulna Ilium Vertebrae Tibio-fibula Phalanges Metatarsals Skull Tarsals Calcaneous Astragalas

F. Muscular System 1. Enable the body to move 2. Support body organs 3. Protect body organs 4. Some muscles to know… a. Rectus Abdominus – stomach muscles b. Latissimus Dorsi – rotates arms c. Pectoralis – adducts arms d. Triceps femoris – 3 headed leg muscle e. Gastrocnemius – calf muscle

G. Respiratory + Vocal Systems 1. 3 breathing methods… a. Body’s skin b. Skin of mouth c. Lungs 1. Internal Nares – small openings used for breathing (nostrils) 2. Glottis – opening to lungs 3. Bronchi – connect each lung 4. Lungs (Hi to low pressure) 2. Vocal – larynx  vocal cords (males more dominant)

Internal nares Glottis Esophagus Maxillary Teeth Tongue Vomerine Teeth

H. Feeding + Digestive System 1. Tongue (protrusible) a. Long + sticky 2. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach 3. Stomach – rugae (folds that help move food) 4. Small intestine (absorbs nutrients) 5. Large intestine (recycles water + passes waste) 6. Cloaca – anus 7. Other digestive organs… a. Liver (brown + 3 lobes + produces bile) b. Gall bladder (green sac + stores bile) c. Pancreas (yellow gland + pancreatic juices)

AC D F J K L M Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Cloaca Liver Gall Bladder Sm. Intestine Lg. Intestine

I. Circulatory System 1. Heart – 3 chambered (2 atria / 1 ventricle) a. Atria – anterior; darker color; less muscular -Right Atria - receives deoxygenated blood from body; pumps blood to ventricle -Right Atria - receives deoxygenated blood from body; pumps blood to ventricle -Left Atria – receives oxygenated blood from lungs; pumps blood to ventricle -Left Atria – receives oxygenated blood from lungs; pumps blood to ventricle b. Ventricle – posterior; triangle shape -pumps bad blood to lungs; pumps good blood to all parts of body -pumps bad blood to lungs; pumps good blood to all parts of body *Why does the ventricle have to be more muscular than the atria?*

What would be one problem of a frog’s ventricle?

J. Reproductive System 1. Male a. Testes – anterior of kidneys -yellow/cream color -produce sperm b. Urinary Ducts -carry urine and sperm to cloaca 2. Female a. Ovaries – anterior of kidneys -contains eggs (many) 2,000-3,000 -eggs – black and circular b. Oviducts -carry eggs out of body