The France of Napoleon III L ouis Napoleon: Toward the Second EmpireL ouis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire –Seized the government December 1851 when the National Assembly rejected his desire to stand for reelection –Universal male suffrage –Restoration of the Empire, November 21, 1852

The Second Napoleonic EmpireThe Second Napoleonic Empire –Authoritarian government Legislative CorpsLegislative Corps –Economic prosperity –Reconstruction of Paris Broad streetsBroad streets –Limited freedom –Opposition

The Crimean War [ ]

Causes of the Crimean War 1.Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine). 2. Turks declared war on Russia in , Britain & France declared war against Russia

Florence Nightingale ( )  British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing  During the Crimean War more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds.  Nightingale’s “Light Brigade” superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high.

Peace of Paris: Russia emerged as the big loser in the conflict Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the Danube Russia no longer had control of maritime trade on the Danube Russia renounced the role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire. Russia renounced the role of protector of the Greek Orthodox residents of the Ottoman Empire. Russia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman EmpireRussia agreed to return all occupied territories to the Ottoman Empire The Black Sea was made neutralThe Black Sea was made neutral

Zollverein Zollverein (German customs union), 1734: o biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria. o Excluded Austria; Austria thus tried unsuccessfully to destroy it

Prussia v. Austria " Kleindeutsch plan": a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states, particularly Prussia.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Helmut von Moltke

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

Otto von Bismarck ( ) He led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern GermanyHe led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany Junker background; obsessed with powerJunker background; obsessed with power "Gap theory" gained Bismarck's favor with the king "Gap theory" gained Bismarck's favor with the king Oversaw a number of reforms that improved the Prussian militaryOversaw a number of reforms that improved the Prussian military

Otto von Bismarck....  The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night  Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.  The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck....  I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.  A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.  Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Unification of Germany

Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

1.Germany & Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein 2. The provinces were jointly administered by Prussia and Austria but conflicts over jurisdiction would lead to a major war between Prussia and Austria

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Bismarck sought a localized war Bismarck sought a localized war Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterference Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterference Prussia’s use of railroads to mass troops and use of the advanced rifle proved superior to Austria’s military efforts.Prussia’s use of railroads to mass troops and use of the advanced rifle proved superior to Austria’s military efforts. Prussia’s victory unified much of Germany without Austria. Prussia’s victory unified much of Germany without Austria.

Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867  Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.  He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

Step #3: Franco-Prussian War [ ] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War  1868 revolt in Spain.  Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.  France protested & his name was withdrawn.  The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.  Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Bismarck used the war with France to bring 4 remaining southern German states into the North German Confederation Bismarck used the war with France to bring 4 remaining southern German states into the North German Confederation The apparent ease with which Prussia defeated France sent shockwaves throughout Europe.The apparent ease with which Prussia defeated France sent shockwaves throughout Europe. Paris fell to the Germans in January, 1871: Napoleon III was capturedParis fell to the Germans in January, 1871: Napoleon III was captured

Bismarck & Napoleon III

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]  The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic.  The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.  Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]  France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.  France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

The German Empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871 (Germany now the most powerful nation in Europe)The German Empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871 (Germany now the most powerful nation in Europe) William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) William I became Emperor of Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm) Bismarck became the Imperial Chancellor. Bismarck became the Imperial Chancellor.

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

German Imperial Flag

Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program  Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized.  The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.  The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ]

“Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour ( ) of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unificationCount Camillo Benso di Cavour ( ) of Sardinia-Piedmont led the struggle for Italian unification 1.Served as King Victor Emmanuel’s prime minister between 1852 and Replaced the earlier failed unification revolutionaries such as Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement. 3.Editor of Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy.

Pope Pius IX The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church. In response, Pope Pius IX issued his Syllabus of Errors (1864) warning Catholics against liberalism, rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty.

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Plombiérès (1859) Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom (controlled by Sardinia)

Step #1 Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy (but not Venetia) as a result of its 1859 war with Austria

Step #2 1860, Cavour arranged the annexation of Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany into Sardinia February 1861, Victor Emmanuel declared King of Italy and presided over an Italian Parliament which represented all of Italy except for Rome and Venice.

Step #3  Giuseppe Garibaldi ( ) liberated southern Italy and Sicily.  1866, Venice was incorporated into Italian Kingdom as a result of an alliance with German chancellor Bismarck

Italian Unification Italian Unification 1871, Rome captured by Italian troops and became capital of Kingdom of Italy

A Unified Peninsula!  A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

After the Austro-Prussian War the Austrian gov’t had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups:After the Austro-Prussian War the Austrian gov’t had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups: 1. The Hungarians and Czechs continued to demand self-determination 2. Austria’s defeat by Germany in 1866 weakened its grip on power and forced it to make a compromise and establish the so-called dual monarchy.

Austrian Imperial Flag

The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria- Hungary The Hungarian Flag

Ausgleich (or Compromise), 1867 Officially created the Austro-Hungarian Empire.Officially created the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungarians now had their own assembly, cabinet, and administrative system, and would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial gov’t. Hungarians now had their own assembly, cabinet, and administrative system, and would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial gov’t.

Managing the empire 1. Government was not integrated due to differences among ethnic groups 2. Anti-Semitism was profound in Austria. 3. Magyar rule in Hungary