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Mexico has had a history of political unrest ever since its war for independence in From , 50 different governments were in power. After 1857, the government continued to be unstable as liberals and conservatives fought for power. It was not until the 1940s that uprisings ended and the republic gained more strength. The events since 1810 led to a time of great turmoil, experienced by the artists and therefore reflected in their art. MEXICO – Introduction

: Declaration and war for independence 1846: Mexican-American war 1848: Loss of Texas and part of California to the US 1853: US purchases land on the border 1858: Benito Juarez takes power in a liberal reform period MEXICO – Timeline ( )

1862: the Battle of Puebla and the French take control of Mexico 1867: Assassination of the Archduke and end of French control. 1877: The Porfiriato (Porfirio Diaz takes complete control after election) : Mexican Revolution MEXICO – Timeline ( )

Important leaders: 1911: Porfirio Diaz (exiled), Francisco Madero (assassinated) 1913: Francisco León de la Barra, Pedro Lascuráin, Victoriano Huerta (arrested) 1914: Francisco Carbajal, Eulalio Gutiérrez, Roque González Garza, Venustiano Carranza 1915: Francisco Chazaro, Venustiano Carranza 1917: Creation of the modern constitution 1919: Assassination of Emiliano Zapata MEXICO – Timeline ( )

Frida Kahlo - Mexico  Mexican painter  Married to artist Diego Rivera  Suffered from illnesses including polio  Active communist  Paintings represented her pain and suffering in life Diego en Mi Pensamiento (Diego in My Thoughts), 1943

Diego Rivera - Mexico  Mexican muralist  Married to artist Frida Kahlo  Active communist  Painted murals in many locations including the US Part of the mural La Gran Tenochtitlan, (The Great Tenochtitlan) 1945

José Clemente Orozco - Mexico  Mexican painter  Promoted politics through art  Most common theme was human suffering  Illustrated The Pearl by John Steinbeck Zapata, 1930

Rufino Tamayo - Mexico  One of the few Mexican artists who did not paint to support politics  Painted “the real Mexico”  Known for his individuality and unique style Dos Hermanos (Two Brothers), 1987

In contrast to Mexico’s history full of political issues, England’s history from was concentrated on the industrial revolution and the advancement of technology to improve lives. While England did participate in several wars including World War I, the government was stable. England had six kings and queens during this time period. Instead of reflecting politics, there would be a whole new theme to the art produced at this time. ENGLAND – Introduction

– War of 1812 (US, France) 1837 – Queen Victoria assumes the throne 1845 – Irish Potato Famine and immigration to the US 1851 – The Great Exhibition (A fair displaying the products of the continuing industrial revolution) – Crimean War with Russia ENGLAND – Timeline ( )

1860 – First public toilet (movement for sanitary conditions in cities) 1863 – Opening of the Underground 1868 – Discovery of disinfectants 1876 – Elementary education required 1877 – First public electric lighting 1883 – First electric railway system 1902 – Boer War with Dutch in Africa ENGLAND – Timeline ( )

1914 – Beginning of World War I 1918 – End of World War I 1920 – Ireland gains independence ENGLAND – Timeline ( )

Ben Nicholson - England  British abstract painter  First artwork was a Peter Pan poster for J. M. Barrie  Met Picasso  A famous work is the White Relief, painted wood with circles and right angles White Relief, 1933

Henry Moore - England  British sculptor and artist  Best known for abstract sculptures of humans, usually lying down  One of the key people who started English modernism Reclining Figure, 1939

Francis Bacon - England  Irish painter  Used bold colors and graphics to show human suffering  Controversial for themes of torture and death Figure in Frame, 1950