C H A P T E R Innisfree McKinnon University of Oregon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline The Far North 18

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Environmental Setting –3 physiographic subregions –Impacts of climate change –Impacts of permafrost Historical Settlement –4 largest indigenous groups –The "Northwest Passage" & exploration –Norse exploration & settlement

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Political Economy –DEW Line & the Cold War –Environmental impacts of petroleum & fisheries Culture, People, Places –First Nations people & self determination

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Discontinuous Settlement Little agriculture Harsh climate Lack of infrastructure, transportation Low population density Little economic development

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Landforms The Northwest –Mountainous The Canadian Shield –Flat, low hills –Poorly drained –Permafrost The Arctic –Many lakes –Rocky

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Climate & Vegetation Long, cold winters & short summers Little or no sunlight in winter

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate & Vegetation Arctic Arctic Ocean cools land in summer Many areas too cold for trees Tundra –Dry, cold Canadian Shield Continental climate –Colder winters Warmer summers –Trees can grow Forests of pines, firs, & other conifers

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Issues Global climate change The greenhouse effect

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Native People in the Far North

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Indigenous Peoples Cree & Ojibway –N. Quebec & Ontario Athabascan –N. Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Northwest territories Aleut –Aleutian Islands Inuit –Artic portions of Alaska, Canada, Greenland

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Native Lifestyles Algonquin & Athabascan Wooded taiga environment Caribou, game, fishing in lakes & rivers Inuit & Aleut Depended on the sea Fish, whales, & other marine mammals

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Creation of Nunavut History of forced relocation 1999 Northern Land Claims Agreement Eastern portion of NW Territories (with most native pop.) became Nunavut

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Exploration & Settlement in Greenland 10 th century Norwegian explorers Erik the Red 14 th century contact w/Europe lost Settlements abandoned

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Exploration Northwest Passage –Legendary sea route linking the Atlantic & Pacific Fur trappers Traders Loggers & lumberjacks

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 th century developments Hudson's Bay Company Canada takes control after independence –1867 Russian Alaska –1867 sells Alaska to U.S Klondike gold rush

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Traditional Economy Absence of agriculture Native cultures –Subsistence activities such as hunting, gathering Euro-Americans –Mining, forestry, fur trade, whaling

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Changing Resource Dependences Fur trapping in decline Whaling depleted stocks –Now limited to native sustenance harvest Fisheries –Overfishing –Fishing rights Forestry –Continuing significance –Hydroelectric power development

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Mining & Mineral Extraction

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sudbury Basin Ontario, NE of Lake Superior Large nickel deposits Boom & bust economy Smelting emissions – sulfur dioxide Environmental reforms Current pop. Near 200,000

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Integrating the Far North with the World WWI & aviation Strategic importance of the Arctic WWII –Japanese captured the Aleutians –Many U.S. & Canadian troops –Alaska Highway & new airfields 1959 Alaska becomes a state The Cold War –Distant Early Warning system (DEW Line)

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Alaska pipeline & Alaska National Wildlife Refuge 1970s oil crisis – Increased drilling in Alaska 1979 Pres. Carter creates ANWR

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Increasing native self-determination First Nations peoples Want compensation or title to lands Many settlement agreements Increased native land management 1993 Canadian Native Land Claims Agreement

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Greenland World's largest island Continental glaciers Within the Arctic Circle 2009 partial independence from Denmark Global warming opening coastline

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Future of the Far North Increasing resource extraction Low pop. Densities remain High cost of living slows development Difficult transportation Reliance on air travel/transport

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Increasing tourism, recreation, second homes, retirees Continuing isolation Future of the Far North

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End Chapter 18