Canada’s Primary Industries  Turning raw materials into finished products:  Wheat – grind into flour – use the flour to bake bread  Lumber – sawed into boards – use the boards to make furniture

Canada’s declining fish populations:  Overfishing  Global warming has forced the fish to move to find new food sources  New technology like echosounders for finding fish  Bigger nets, that catch more fish

Aquaculture  Fish farming to replace over-fished wild fish  Used for trout, salmon, oysters, clams in protected fish ponds

Canada’s Forest Industry  Hardwoods – deciduous, broadleaf trees take a long time to grow  Maple, oak, birch  Located in southern Canada – they need a warm climate  Used to make flooring, fine furniture, skate boards, hockey sticks, baseball bats…

Softwoods  Coniferous – evergreens tree, needles, grow quickly  Pine, spruce, cedar  Located in Canada’s north (just south of the Arctic) – can tolerate colder weather  Used for house frames, roofing shingles, chop sticks, packing crates…

Selective Cutting  Choose certain trees to cut  Advantages – young trees can grow larger  Less soil erosion  More animal habitat  Disadvantages – expensive  Takes longer  More difficult

Clear-cutting  Cut all the trees in a certain area  Advantages – keeps costs low  Increases profits  Fast and easy  Disadvantages – erosion could cause mud slides  Less habitat for animals  Soil could get into rivers and kill the fish

Forestry Employees  Direct – 257,500 people who work for forestry companies  Indirect – teachers, doctors, mechanics, cashiers in the town where the forestry employees live

Canadian Farming Areas  Wheat – prairies  Grapes – Annapolis Valley (NS), Niagara Peninsula, Okanagan Valley BC  Potatoes – PEI  Cranberries – Muskoka, Ontario  Ginseng – Southwestern Ontario  Onions – Holland Marsh  Christmas Trees – BC, Ontario, Nova Scotia  Fruit – Niagara Peninsula, Okanagan Valley

Farm Chemicals  Advantages – crops grow bigger and faster  Disadvantages – chemicals could get into the water supply and affect humans and animals

Sustainable Farming  Farming that protects the soil and the environment  Mennonites use horses instead of tractors

Canada’s Minerals  Metallic – gold, nickel and iron ore in Sudbury and Yellowknife  Structural – cobalt, potash (fertilizer from Saskatchewan), sand and gravel from Ontario  Fuel – oil, natural gas, coal from Alberta