The Presidents of the United States Major Events that shaped the presidency.

Washington, George Washington, George Nickname: "Father of His Country“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: No formal education Occupation: Planter, Soldier Political Party: Federalist $25,000/year (refused by Washington) 1789 The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac. A national banking system established by the Bank Act. The Bill of Rights take effect.Bill of Rights

Adams, John Adams, John nd President of the United States (March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801) Nickname: "Atlas of Independence" Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1755) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Federalist 1796 E Pluribus Unum: "Out of Many, One"; added to American coins Three anonymous French trouble makers brought France and the U.S. to the brink of war in what became known as the XYZ Affair. 1798XYZ Affair Federalists support the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts. U.S. capital relocated to Washington, D.C. from Philadelphia. Congress established Library of Congress.

Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas rd President of the United States (March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809) Nicknames: "Man of the People"; "Sage of Monticello" Religion: No formal affiliation Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1762) Occupation: Lawyer, planter Political Party: Democratic- Republican 1803 Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison. Any law passed by Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the courts. The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15 million dollars.Louisiana Territory 12th Amendment changed Presidential election rules.. Congress outlaws importing slaves

#4 Madison, James Madison, James th President of the United States (March 4, 1809 to March 3, 1817) Nicknames: "Father of the Constitution“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated Princeton University; 1771) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic- Republican 1812 War declared on England on June 18 after England continued to attack U.S. ships headed to France. City of Washington captured and burned by British, August 24. Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner"."The Star-Spangled Banner" Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 on December 24, but fighting continued. 1815

#5 Monroe, James Monroe, James th President of the United States (March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1825) Nicknames: "The Last Cocked Hat"; "Era-of-Good-Feeling President“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1776) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic- Republican 1819 Florida ceded by Spain to the United States on February 22. In exchange the U.S. cancelled $5 million in Spanish debts The Missouri Compromise, forbade slavery above 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude.Missouri Compromise Monroe reelected On December 2, Monroe Doctrine delivered to Congress.Monroe Doctrine

#6 Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy th President of the United States (March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829) Nickname: "Old Man Eloquent" Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1787) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic-Republican Erie Canal completed Baltimore & Ohio railroad, the first designed for passengers and freight.

#7 Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Andrew th President of the United States (March 4, 1829 to March 3, 1837) Nickname: "Old Hickory" Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer, soldier Political Party: Democratic About 2,000 of Jackson's supporters given government jobs. Jackson also set up a "kitchen cabinet" of informal advisers. Jackson reelected. Jackson vetoed the rechartering of 2nd Bank leading to the creation of the Whig Party. South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariff laws. Federal troops sent to South Carolinanullify federal tariff laws U.S. became debt free (briefly) for the only time in history Mexicans defeated 190 Americans in 12 days at the Alamo on March 6.

#8 Van Buren, Martin Van Buren, Martin th President of the United States (March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1841) Nicknames: "The Little Magician"; "The Red Fox of Kinderhook“ Kinderhook Religion: Dutch Reformed Education: Graduated from Kinderhook Academy (1796) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic 1837 Banks closed in Philadelphia and New York City on May 10. This was the beginning of the Panic of The depression that followed would last throughout Van Buren's term.Panic of Trail of Tears. Thousands of Indians forced from their homes and die.

Harrison, William Henry 1841Harrison, William Henry th President of the United States (March 4, 1841 to April 4, 1841) Nicknames: "Old Tippecanoe"; "Old Tip" Tippecanoe Religion: Episcopalian Education: Attended Hampden-Sydney College Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Whig 1841 Delivered the longest inaugural address on March 4. It was an extremely cold day and Harrison did not wear a hat while delivering the 105 minute speech. He contracted pneumonia and died in the White House one month later.inaugural address

#10 Tyler, John Tyler, John th President of the United States (April 6, 1841 to March 3, 1845) Nicknames: "Accidental President"; "His Accidency“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from the College of William and Mary (1807) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Whig 1841 Tyler's cabinet resigned after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs Far East opened to U.S. traders after a treaty with China signed Texas annexed followed by war with Mexico.

#11 Polk, James Polk, James th President of the United States (March 4, 1845 to March 3, 1849) Nickname: "Young Hickory“March 3, 1849 Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from the University of North Carolina (1818) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic 1846 A large crack in the Liberty Bell too large to permit the bell to be rung any more. Dispute with Britain over the Oregon Territory settled. Both nations get a part of the territory Treaty of 1848 with Mexico gave the U.S. control over California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Gold discovered in California in December.

#12 Taylor, Zachary Taylor, Zachary th President of the United States (March 5, 1849 to July 9, 1850) Nickname: "Old Rough and Ready"March 5, 1849 Religion: Episcopalian Education: No formal education Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Whig As a soldier always moving from location to location, Taylor never established an official place of residence and never registered to vote, He didn't even vote in his own election. It wasn't until he was 62 that he cast his first ballot. November 7, 1848 was the first time a presidential election was held on the same day in every state The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty signed with Britain guaranteed that any future canal across Central America would be available to all nations.

Fillmore, Millard Fillmore, Millard th President of the United States (July 9, 1850 to March 3, 1853) Nickname: "The American Louis Philippe“ Religion: Unitarian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Whig 1850 Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Act in September. The White House's first library, bathtub and kitchen stove were installed by the Fillmore's.

# Pierce, Franklin Pierce, Franklin th President of the United States (March 4, 1853 to March 3, 1857) Nickname: "Young Hickory of the Granite Hills“ Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Bowdoin College (1824) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Democrat 1853 Gadsden Purchase 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Treaty with Japan negotiated by Commodore Matthew Perry Pierce was the only elected President who sought but did not win his party's nomination for a second term.

#15 Buchanan, James Buchanan, James th President of the United States (March 4, 1857 to March 3, 1861) Nickname: "Old Buck“ Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from Dickinson College (1809) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democrat Supreme Court declared in the Dred Scott case that Congress had no power over slavery in the territories The sectional controversy grew steadily more serious during the last two years of Buchanan's presidency. Creation of the Confederate States of America during Buchanan's last months in office. He refused to turn over Fort Pickens in Florida and Fort Sumter in South Carolina to the authorities in those secessionist states.

#16 Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, Abraham th President of the United States (March 4, 1861 to April 15, 1865) Nicknames: "Honest Abe"; "Illinois Rail-Splitter“ Religion: No formal affiliation Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Lincoln was the first president to die by assassination. assassination President during the Civil War He believed the national government had the power to crush the rebellion. The Gettysburg Address Signed the Emancipation Proclamation

#17 Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Andrew th President of the United States (April 15, 1865 to March 3, 1869) Nickname: None Religion: No formal affiliation Education: No formal education Occupation: Tailor, public official Political Party: Democratic 14 th Amendment passed Was unsuccessful in passing a reconstruction plan for the South

#18 Grant, Ulysses S Grant, Ulysses S Reconstruction Transcontinental Railroad Completed (1869) Fifteenth Amendment Ratified (1870) Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872) Panic of 1873 Whiskey Ring Scandal (1875) Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) 18 th President Religion: Methodist Education: Graduated from the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, N.Y. (1843) Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Republican

Hayes, Rutherford B Hayes, Rutherford B Compromise of 1877 (End of Reconstruction) Bland-Allison Act (1878) Pronounced the necessity of creating an American controlled canal in Panama (1880) Nineteenth President of the United States Religion: No formal affiliation Education: Graduated from Kenyon College (1842) and Harvard Law School (1845) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican

#20 Garfield, James 1881Garfield, James 1881 Was shot on July 1, 1881 by Charles Guiteau and later died in office from this wound. Twentieth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Williams College (1856) Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Republican

#21 Arthur, Chester Arthur, Chester Twenty-First President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Union College (1848) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Pendleton Act (1883)

#22 Cleveland, Grover Cleveland, Grover Twenty-Second President Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democrat Presidential Succession Act (1886) Dedication of Statue of Liberty (1886)

Harrison, Benjamin Harrison, Benjamin Twenty-Third President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (1852) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Electricity Installed in White House (1891)

Cleveland, Grover Cleveland, Grover Twenty-Fourth President of the United States Panic of 1893 Chicago World's Fair (1893) Pullman's Strike (1894)

McKinley, William McKinley, William Twenty-Fifth President Religion: Methodist Education: Attended Allegheny College Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Spanish-American War (1898) Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Open Door Policy/Boxer Rebellion ( ) Was assassinated soon after being elected to his second term.

Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Twenty-Sixth President Religion: Dutch Reformed Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1880) Occupation: Author, lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Roosevelt Corollary (1904/05) Russo-Japanese War ( ) Won Nobel Peace Prize (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) San Francisco Earthquake (1906) Panic of 1907

#27 Taft, William H Taft, William H Twenty-Seventh President Religion: Unitarian Education: Graduated from Yale College (1878); Cincinnati Law School (1880) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909) Sixteenth Amendment Ratified (1913) Dollar Diplomacy Antitrust Policy

#28 Wilson, Woodrow Wilson, Woodrow Twenty-Eighth President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from the College of New Jersey Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Democrat Seventeenth Amendment World War I ( ) Lusitania Sunk (1915) United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany (1917) Treaty of Versailles (1919) Eighteenth Amendment ratified) Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the right to vote (1920)

Harding, Warren Harding, Warren Twenty-Ninth President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from Ohio Central College (1882) Occupation: Editor- Publisher Political Party: Republican Teapot Dome Scandal Harding officially opposed entry into the League of Nations (1921) World War I was formally ended by joint resolution (1921)

#30 Coolidge, Calvin Coolidge, Calvin Thirtieth President Religion: Congregationalist Education: Graduated from Amherst College (1895) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Republican Immigration Act of 1924 Revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926 Charles Lindbergh make his historic transatlantic flight (1927) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Hoover, Herbert Hoover, Herbert Thirty-First President Religion: Society of Friends (Quaker) Education: Graduated from Stanford University (1895). Occupation: Engineer Political Party: Republican Stock Market Crash (1929) Start of the Great Depression (1929) Lame Duck Amendment Ratified (1933)

Roosevelt, Franklin D Roosevelt, Franklin D Thirty-Second President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1903); Attended Columbia Law School Occupation: Public official, lawyer Political Party: Democrat Twenty-First Amendment - Repeal of Prohibition (1933) New Deal policies Social Security Act (1935) World War II ( ) Pearl Harbor attacked; US enters World War II (1941)

Truman, Harry Truman, Harry Thirty-Third President Religion: Baptist Education: Attended the University of Kansas City Law School Occupation: Farmer, public official Political Party: Democrat Atomic Bombs Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) End of World War II (1945) United Nations Created (1945) Truman Doctrine (1947) Korean Conflict ( ) Twenty-Second Amendment Ratified (1951) Hydrogen Bomb Detonated (1952)

Eisenhower, Dwight Eisenhower, Dwight Thirty-Fourth President Religion: Presbyterian Education: Graduated from U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. (1915) Occupation: Soldier Political Party: Republican End of the Korean War (1953) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Interstate Highway System Created (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) Commander of Allied Forces during WWII

#35 Kennedy, John F Kennedy, John F Thirty-Fifth President Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1940) Occupation: Author, public official Political Party: Democrat Bay of Pigs (1961) Berlin Wall built (1961) Alan Shepard, Jr. became the first American in space (1961) Twenty-Third Amendment Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Was assassinated while in office

#36 Johnson, Lyndon Johnson, Lyndon Thirty-Sixth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Southwest Texas State Teachers College (1930) Occupation: Teacher, public official Political Party: Democrat Vietnam Conflict Continues ( ) Civil Rights Act (1964) Medicare and Medicaid (1965) Twenty-Fifth Amendment

#37 Nixon, Richard Nixon, Richard Thirty-Seventh President Religion: Society of Friends (Quaker) Education: Graduated from Whittier College (1934) and Duke University Law School (1937) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Twenty-Sixth Amendment ratified giving 18-year-olds the right to vote (1971) Break-in at Watergate occurs (1972) End of the Vietnam War (1973) Nixon resign (1974)

#38 Ford, Gerald Ford, Gerald Thirty-Eighth President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from the University of Michigan (1935) and Yale University Law School (1941) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Republican Ford grants Nixon an unconditional pardon (1974) Communist victory in Southeast Asia ( ) Helsinki Agreement (1975)

#39 Carter, Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Thirty-Ninth President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. (1946) Occupation: Farmer, public official Political Party: Democrat Vietnam War era draft evaders pardoned (1977) Panama Canal Treaty (1977) Three Mile Island incident (1979) Iran Hostage Crisis ( )

Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Fortieth President Religion: Disciples of Christ Education: Graduated from Eureka College (1932) Occupation: Actor, public official Political Party: Republican Sandra Day O'Connor named first woman Supreme Court justice (1981) Attempted assassination (1981) Glasnost with the Soviet Union ( ) Stark incident in Gulf War (1987)

Bush, George H.W Bush, George H.W Forty-First President Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from Yale University (1948) Occupation: Businessman, public official Political Party: Republican Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska (1989) Break up of the Soviet Union (1991) Persian Gulf War ( )

Clinton, William J Clinton, William J Forty-Second President Religion: Baptist Education: Graduated from Georgetown University (1968); Attended Oxford University ( ); Graduated from Yale University Law School (1973) Occupation: Lawyer, public official Political Party: Democrat NAFTA (1993) World Trade Center Terrorist Bombing (1993) Oklahoma City federal building Terrorist bombing (1995) Impeachment (1999)

Bush, George W presentBush, George W present Forty-Third President Religion: Methodist Education: Graduated from Yale University (1968); Graduated from Harvard Business School (1975) Occupation: Businessman Political Party: Republican Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City (September 11, 2001) War in Afghanistan (2001) War in Iraq (2003)

To be continued…….