TERRESTRIAL (LAND) BIOMES

DEFINITIONS Abiotic Factors – nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Type) Abiotic Factors – nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem (Ex. Temperature, Precipitation & Soil Type) Biotic Factors – living factors in an ecosystem (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungus & Bacteria) Biotic Factors – living factors in an ecosystem (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungus & Bacteria) Biome – a group of ecosystems that have similar climate and dominant communities (plants & animals) Biome – a group of ecosystems that have similar climate and dominant communities (plants & animals)

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Parts of South and Central America, Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern Australia Parts of South and Central America, Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Warm / hot year-round (25 O C) Warm / hot year-round (25 O C) PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Wet year-round ( cm a year) Wet year-round ( cm a year) SOIL: SOIL: Thin, nutrient-poor soils Thin, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, large woody vines and climbing plants, orchids and bromeliads Broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, large woody vines and climbing plants, orchids and bromeliads ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, birds, butterflies, ants, beetles, piranhas, boa constrictors, anacondas Sloths, jaguars, anteaters, monkeys, birds, butterflies, ants, beetles, piranhas, boa constrictors, anacondas

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Grow toward canopy for sunlight 1. Grow toward canopy for sunlight 2. Waxy coating on leaves to prevent absorption of precipitation 2. Waxy coating on leaves to prevent absorption of precipitation

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Live in canopy for protection from predators 1. Live in canopy for protection from predators 2. Camouflage 2. Camouflage

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Deforestation (cutting down trees) Deforestation (cutting down trees)

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Competition among plants/animals Competition among plants/animals Deforestation Deforestation Flooding Flooding Overhunting Overhunting

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Clownfish/sea anenome - Mutualism Clownfish/sea anenome - Mutualism

TROPICAL DRY FOREST

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia and other tropical islands Parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia and other tropical islands

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Generally warm year-round Generally warm year-round PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Alternating wet and dry seasons Alternating wet and dry seasons SOIL: SOIL: Rich soils subject to erosion Rich soils subject to erosion

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Tall, deciduous trees (birch, oak and pecan), orchids and bromeliads, aloes and other succulents (cactus) Tall, deciduous trees (birch, oak and pecan), orchids and bromeliads, aloes and other succulents (cactus) ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Tigers, monkeys, elephants, birds, hog deer, termites, snakes, monitor lizards Tigers, monkeys, elephants, birds, hog deer, termites, snakes, monitor lizards

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Trees shed leaves to conserve water 1. Trees shed leaves to conserve water 2. Drought-tolerant 2. Drought-tolerant

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Camouflage 1. Camouflage 2. Live in canopy for protection from predators 2. Live in canopy for protection from predators

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Deforestation Deforestation Overhunting Overhunting

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Lack of rain (only 1 season) Lack of rain (only 1 season) Fires Fires Poaching Poaching Deforestation Deforestation

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Termite/Protist living inside termite - Mutualism Termite/Protist living inside termite - Mutualism

TROPICAL SAVANNA

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia Large parts of eastern Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Warm temperatures Warm temperatures PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Seasonal rainfall Seasonal rainfall SOIL: SOIL: Compact soil Compact soil

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Tall, perennial grasses, drought- tolerant and fire-resistant trees or shrubs Tall, perennial grasses, drought- tolerant and fire-resistant trees or shrubs ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Lions, leopards, hyenas, elephants, giraffes, antelope, zebra, stork, eagles, termites Lions, leopards, hyenas, elephants, giraffes, antelope, zebra, stork, eagles, termites

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Drought-resistant 1. Drought-resistant 2. Fire-resistant 2. Fire-resistant

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Travel/Hunt in groups or packs 1. Travel/Hunt in groups or packs 2. Grazing Animals lick the dew off the grass 2. Grazing Animals lick the dew off the grass

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Overhunting Overhunting Fires Fires

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Lack of rain (only 1 season) Lack of rain (only 1 season) Competition Competition Fires Fires Poaching Poaching

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Gazelle/Ostrich - Mutualism Gazelle/Ostrich - Mutualism

DESERT

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Africa, Asia, the Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America and Australia Africa, Asia, the Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America and Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Variable temperatures (hot days and cool nights) Variable temperatures (hot days and cool nights) PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Low precipitation (less than 25 cm a year) Low precipitation (less than 25 cm a year) SOIL: SOIL: Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material Soils rich in minerals but poor in organic material

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Cacti and other succulents, creosote bush, sagebrush Cacti and other succulents, creosote bush, sagebrush ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Mountain lions, foxes, deer, antelopes, bats, owls, hawks, roadrunners, ants, beetles, butterflies, flies, rattlesnakes, lizards Mountain lions, foxes, deer, antelopes, bats, owls, hawks, roadrunners, ants, beetles, butterflies, flies, rattlesnakes, lizards

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Drought-resistant 1. Drought-resistant 2. Store water 2. Store water

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Nocturnal - awake at night, sleep during day 1. Nocturnal - awake at night, sleep during day 2. Camouflage 2. Camouflage

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Urbanizing deserts Urbanizing deserts

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Lack of rain, heat, extreme temperature changes Lack of rain, heat, extreme temperature changes

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Yucca plant/Yucca moth - Mutualism Yucca plant/Yucca moth - Mutualism

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe and upland plateaus of South America Central Asia, North America, Australia, central Europe and upland plateaus of South America

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Warm to hot summers, cold winters Warm to hot summers, cold winters PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Moderate, seasonal precipitation Moderate, seasonal precipitation SOIL: SOIL: Fertile soils Fertile soils

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Lush, perennial grasses and herbs, corn, wheat and other grains Lush, perennial grasses and herbs, corn, wheat and other grains ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Coyotes, badgers, mule deer, antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, cattle, hawks, owls, snakes, ants, grasshoppers Coyotes, badgers, mule deer, antelopes, rabbits, prairie dogs, cattle, hawks, owls, snakes, ants, grasshoppers

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Drought-resistant 1. Drought-resistant 2. Fire-resistant 2. Fire-resistant

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Grazing Animals - lick dew off the grass 1. Grazing Animals - lick dew off the grass 2. Endure Cold Winters 2. Endure Cold Winters

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Overhunting Overhunting Overfarming (Dust Bowl of 1930s) Overfarming (Dust Bowl of 1930s) Fires Fires

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Fires Fires Lack of rain (only one season) Lack of rain (only one season) Overgrazing Overgrazing Overfarming Overfarming

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Cowbird/Cow - Commensalism Cowbird/Cow - Commensalism

TEMPERATE WOODLAND & SHRUBLAND

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa and Australia Western coasts of North and South America, areas around the Mediterranean Sea, South Africa and Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Hot summers and cool winters Hot summers and cool winters PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Dry summers and moist winters Dry summers and moist winters SOIL: SOIL: Thin, nutrient-poor soils Thin, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Woody evergreen shrubs with small, leathery leaves (mesquite), oily herbs (rosemary), wildflowers, oak trees Woody evergreen shrubs with small, leathery leaves (mesquite), oily herbs (rosemary), wildflowers, oak trees ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions, deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, quails, lizards, snakes, butterflies Coyotes, foxes, mountain lions, deer, rabbits, squirrels, hawks, quails, lizards, snakes, butterflies

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Drought - resistant 1. Drought - resistant 2. Short and stunted (store water in thick stems) 2. Short and stunted (store water in thick stems)

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Thick, watertight coverings - reptiles/insects 1. Thick, watertight coverings - reptiles/insects 2. Nocturnal 2. Nocturnal

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Deforestation Deforestation Fires Fires

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Deforestation Deforestation Fires Fires Lack of rain (one season only) Lack of rain (one season only) Eliminating predators leading to overpopulation of prey Eliminating predators leading to overpopulation of prey

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Silverfish/Army ants - Commensalism

TEMPERATE FOREST

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, most of Europe, and parts of Japan, China and Australia Eastern United States, southeastern Canada, most of Europe, and parts of Japan, China and Australia

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Cold to moderate winters, warm summers Cold to moderate winters, warm summers PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Year-round precipitation Year-round precipitation SOIL: SOIL: Fertile soils with humus Fertile soils with humus

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Deciduous trees (maple, birch, beech), flowering shrubs, herbs, a ground layer of mosses and ferns Deciduous trees (maple, birch, beech), flowering shrubs, herbs, a ground layer of mosses and ferns ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, songbirds, turkeys Deer, black bears, bobcats, squirrels, raccoons, skunks, songbirds, turkeys

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Small plants must grow quickly and flower before large trees leaf out 1. Small plants must grow quickly and flower before large trees leaf out 2. Broadleaves on deciduous trees to obtain sunlight 2. Broadleaves on deciduous trees to obtain sunlight

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Layer of fat and fur to endure winters 1. Layer of fat and fur to endure winters 2. Migrate 2. Migrate

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Overhunting Overhunting Deforestation (for farming because of the humus) Deforestation (for farming because of the humus)

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Cold weather Cold weather Overhunting Overhunting Deforestation Deforestation Tree diseases Tree diseases

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Honey guide bird/Badger - Mutualism Honey guide bird/Badger - Mutualism

NW CONIFEROUS FOREST

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Pacific coast of northwestern United States and Canada, from northern California to Alaska Pacific coast of northwestern United States and Canada, from northern California to Alaska

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Mild temperatures, relatively cool, dry summer Mild temperatures, relatively cool, dry summer PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Abundant precipitation during fall, winter and spring Abundant precipitation during fall, winter and spring SOIL: SOIL: Rocky, acidic soils Rocky, acidic soils

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwoods, flowering trees and shrubs (dogwood) Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwoods, flowering trees and shrubs (dogwood) ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats, weasels Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats, weasels

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Small plants must "fight" for sunlight under the shade of larger trees 1. Small plants must "fight" for sunlight under the shade of larger trees 2. Waxy coating to prevent absorbing too much precipitation 2. Waxy coating to prevent absorbing too much precipitation

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Migrate 1. Migrate 2. Hibernate 2. Hibernate

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Deforestation Overhunting

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Competition among plants/ animals Competition among plants/ animals Deforestation Deforestation Overhunting Overhunting Forest fires Forest fires

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Bees/Dogwood - Mutualism Bees/Dogwood - Mutualism

BOREAL FOREST (TAIGA)

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION North America, Asia and northern Europe North America, Asia and northern Europe

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Long, cold winters; short, mild summers Long, cold winters; short, mild summers PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Moderate precipitation Moderate precipitation SOIL: SOIL: Acidic, nutrient-poor soils Acidic, nutrient-poor soils

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Needleleaf coniferous trees such as spruce pine, cedar, fir, small berry- bearing shrubs Needleleaf coniferous trees such as spruce pine, cedar, fir, small berry- bearing shrubs ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Lynxes, wolves, weasels, moose, beavers, songbirds, migratory birds Lynxes, wolves, weasels, moose, beavers, songbirds, migratory birds

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Short growing season 1. Short growing season 2. Evergreen trees - don't lose their leaves because it takes too much time and energy 2. Evergreen trees - don't lose their leaves because it takes too much time and energy

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Migrate - go south for winter 1. Migrate - go south for winter 2. Hibernate 2. Hibernate

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Deforestation (cutting down trees) Deforestation (cutting down trees) Erosion and mudslides on mountains if trees are cut down Erosion and mudslides on mountains if trees are cut down Lake pollution Lake pollution

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Cold weather Cold weather Deforestation Deforestation Overhunting Overhunting Acidic soils Acidic soils

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Spruce/Mistletoe - Parasitism Spruce/Mistletoe - Parasitism

TUNDRA

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Northern North America, Asia and Europe Northern North America, Asia and Europe

ABIOTIC FACTORS TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE: Short and soggy summers; long, cold and dark winters Short and soggy summers; long, cold and dark winters PRECIPITATION: PRECIPITATION: Low precipitation Low precipitation SOIL: SOIL: Poorly developed soils because of permafrost Poorly developed soils because of permafrost

BIOTIC FACTORS PLANTS: PLANTS: Ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges and short grasses Ground-hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges and short grasses ANIMALS: ANIMALS: Migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk ox, snowy owl, Arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings and other small rodents Migratory waterfowl, shore birds, musk ox, snowy owl, Arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings and other small rodents

PLANT ADAPTATIONS 1. Short growing season 1. Short growing season 2. Shallow root system (because of permafrost) 2. Shallow root system (because of permafrost)

ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS 1. Fat/Fur to withstand harsh conditions for the few animals that stay year-round 1. Fat/Fur to withstand harsh conditions for the few animals that stay year-round 2. Most animals migrate - go south during winter 2. Most animals migrate - go south during winter

HARMFUL HUMAN ACTIVITIES Oil pollution - oil pipelines and the Exxon Valdez Oil pollution - oil pipelines and the Exxon Valdez

MAJOR LIMITING FACTORS Cold weather Cold weather High winds High winds Low precipitation Low precipitation Humus-poor soils Humus-poor soils

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Fungus/Algae (Lichen) - Mutualism Fungus/Algae (Lichen) - Mutualism