Bacteria Chapter 23 Intro To Bacteria Video - (0:00- 1:05 and 2:55-end)

Bacterial Classification Section 23.1

REVIEW: All Bacteria are Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes: “Before nucleus” “Before nucleus” No nucleus No nucleus No membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes: “True nucleus” Have nucleus Have membrane bound organelles

Two Domains of Bacteria 1. DIFFERENCES BASED UPON RNA MAKEUP 1. Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Eubacteria 2. Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria More related to eukaryotes More related to eukaryotes based upon rRNA & gene comparison based upon rRNA & gene comparison

1. Domain Archaea Lack peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate compound) in cell wall Lack peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate compound) in cell wall Usually located in extreme conditions like: swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs Usually located in extreme conditions like: swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs Three main types: Three main types: A. Methanogens A. Methanogens B. Extreme halophlies B. Extreme halophlies C. Thermoacidophiles C. Thermoacidophiles Pyrodictium occultum is a marine organism commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

A. Methanogens Energy source: from converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas. Energy source: from converting H 2 and CO 2 into methane gas. Live in areas absent of oxygen like swamps, sewage, and intestinal tract Live in areas absent of oxygen like swamps, sewage, and intestinal tract Gas build up is released as a fart Gas build up is released as a fart

B. Extreme Halophiles Salt loving bacteria Salt loving bacteria Location: anywhere there is a high salt concentrations like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Location: anywhere there is a high salt concentrations like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Energy source: salt need for them to make ATP Energy source: salt need for them to make ATP

C. Thermoacidophiles As their name suggests, these like it hot and acidic As their name suggests, these like it hot and acidic They are found in such places as acidic sulfur springs,undersea vents (smokers) and volcanoes. They are found in such places as acidic sulfur springs,undersea vents (smokers) and volcanoes.

2. Domain Bacteria Most abundant domain! Most abundant domain! Examples of eubacteria are: Examples of eubacteria are: salmonella salmonella Escherichia coli (E. coli) Escherichia coli (E. coli) treponema (syphilis) treponema (syphilis) borrelia (lyme disease) borrelia (lyme disease)

Cell phone bacterial video

Identifying Bacteria: 1. Shape A. Bacilla (rod-shaped) B. Spirilla (spiral-shaped) C. Cocci (sphere-shaped)

Are they always alone? 

Nope! cocci are known for living in groups: Streptococci Streptococci (cocci in chains) Staphylococci Staphylococci (cocci in clusters)

1. Shape 2. Gram Stains: Bacteria turn red or purple depending on the make- up of their cell walls. + Gram-positive: (purple) (Simple cell wall with (Simple cell wall with lots of peptoglycan) - Gram-negative: (red) (Complex cell wall with (Complex cell wall with little peptoglycan)

3. Classifying bacteria by what they need… 1. Energy: Phototrophs – energy from sun Chemotrophs – energy from other organisms 2. Carbon: Heterotrophs – gets carbon from other sources Autotrophs – carbon from CO2 or other gasses

Ridiculously Long Words: Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph

4. Oxygen or not? Obligate Facultative Obligate Aerobes Anaerobe s Anaerobes Aerobes Anaerobe s Anaerobes O2O2 O2O2 idc. THINK OBLIGATION

Practice… Please classify these specimens according to: 1. Shape 2. Gram-Stain 3. Energy/Carbon needs 4. Oxygen Preference Practice… Please classify these specimens according to: 1. Shape 2. Gram-Stain 3. Energy/Carbon needs 4. Oxygen Preference

Specimen A: This bacteria is rod- This bacteria is rod- shaped, colored purple when Gram-stained, gets both its energy and Carbon from a host organism that it infects, and cannot live in the presence of oxygen.

Specimen B: This bacteria is round, but found in chains. It turns red in a Gram-stain, and gets its energy from the sun, and carbon from gas in the atmosphere. It cannot live without oxygen. This bacteria is round, but found in chains. It turns red in a Gram-stain, and gets its energy from the sun, and carbon from gas in the atmosphere. It cannot live without oxygen.

Bacterial Groups (that you DO need to know!) 1. Proteobacteria 2. Gram-Positive Bacteria 3. Cyanobacteria 4. Spriochetes 5. Chlamydia

1. Proteobacteria Largest and most diverse group Largest and most diverse group Many live symbiotically with other organisms Many live symbiotically with other organisms Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Some cause diseases Some cause diseases Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever Stomach ulcers Stomach ulcers Foodborne illnesses Foodborne illnesses

2. Gram-Positive Bacteria Some cause diseases Some cause diseases Strep throat Strep throat Botulism (Botox) Botulism (Botox) Anthrax Anthrax TB TB Leprosy Leprosy A few make antibiotics that kill other bacteria A few make antibiotics that kill other bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria Undergo photosynthesis for energy Undergo photosynthesis for energy Simplest life requirements Simplest life requirements First oxygen-producing organisms on Earth! First oxygen-producing organisms on Earth!

4. Spirochetes Gram-negative Gram-negative Spiral-shaped bacteria Spiral-shaped bacteria Examples: syphilis & Lyme disease Examples: syphilis & Lyme disease

5. Chlamydia Gram-negative Gram-negative Coccoid shaped, no peptidoglycan Coccoid shaped, no peptidoglycan Causes a STD that lives inside animals Causes a STD that lives inside animals

Biology of Prokaryotes Section 23.2

Bacterial Structures Most bacteria are composed of the following parts: Most bacteria are composed of the following parts: Outer cell wall Outer cell wall Cell membrane Cell membrane Internal foldings = thylakoids (photosynthesis) Internal foldings = thylakoids (photosynthesis) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Ribosomes Ribosomes DNA DNA Small molecules and ions Small molecules and ions

Endospores Can form in gram + bacteria Can form in gram + bacteria Thick-coated, resistant structures Thick-coated, resistant structures Form when environmental conditions are poor Form when environmental conditions are poor Resistant to high temp, strong chemicals, radiation, drying, etc. Resistant to high temp, strong chemicals, radiation, drying, etc.

Prokaryotic Movement Taxis: movement toward or away from stimuli Taxis: movement toward or away from stimuli Chemotaxis: chemical stimuli Chemotaxis: chemical stimuli Physical movement aided by flagella or slime Physical movement aided by flagella or slime Patterns of movement: wave-like contractions or corkscrew rotation Patterns of movement: wave-like contractions or corkscrew rotation

How do bacteria reproduce? Asexually via…. Asexually via…. Binary fission Binary fission Budding Budding permits the development of more complex colonial structures permits the development of more complex colonial structures Binary fission Budding

Genetic Recombination Three ways that bacteria can exchange and acquire new combinations of DNA Three ways that bacteria can exchange and acquire new combinations of DNA 1. Transformation 1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction 3. Transduction

1. Transformation When a bacteria takes on DNA from its external environment. When a bacteria takes on DNA from its external environment. Then this new DNA is substituted into the bacterial DNA Then this new DNA is substituted into the bacterial DNA

2. Conjugation When two bacterium bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information to the other. When two bacterium bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information to the other. DNA channeled through the sex pilus DNA channeled through the sex pilus

3. Transduction Steps: 1. Virus obtains a fragment of bacteria DNA from its host 2. Virus multiplies inside host (replicating the bacterial DNA as well) 3. Virus breaks out of host cell and invades new bacteria 4. New bacterial host will get old host’s DNA via the virus

Know these parts of the bacteria! Cell Wall Cell Wall Outer Membrane Outer Membrane Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Chromosome Chromosome Plasmid Plasmid Capsule & Slime Layer Capsule & Slime Layer Endospore Endospore Pilus Pilus Flagellum Flagellum p.468p.468 Click above for more info!

Bacteria and Humans Section 23.3

Bacterial Diseases Pathology – The study of diseases Pathology – The study of diseases Pathogens – anything that causes disease Pathogens – anything that causes disease Bacteria Bacteria Viruses Viruses Fungi Fungi Protists Protists

Cholera attacking a cell

Bacterial Poisons Toxins – bacterial poisons that cause disease Toxins – bacterial poisons that cause disease 1. Exotoxins – made up of proteins Secreted by the gram + bacteria to surroundings Secreted by the gram + bacteria to surroundings Example: tetanus Example: tetanus 2. Endotoxins – made up of lipids and carbs. Released by dead gram – bacteria Released by dead gram – bacteria Cause fever, body ache, weakness, and damage Cause fever, body ache, weakness, and damage

How to treat diseases… Antibiotics – fungi or bacteria that combat infection by interfering with various cellular functions Antibiotics – fungi or bacteria that combat infection by interfering with various cellular functions May lead to Antibiotic Resistance May lead to Antibiotic Resistance Caused by not taking full dose of antibiotics Caused by not taking full dose of antibiotics

After 1 day w/ antibiotics After 3 days w/ antibiotics = 1 day to di e = 2 days to die = 4 days to die = 6 days to die Initial infection

Emerging Infection Diseases Zoonosis: a disease that passes from wild animals to humans Zoonosis: a disease that passes from wild animals to humans Increase due to global travel of humans & destruction of natural habitat Increase due to global travel of humans & destruction of natural habitat Example: Lyme disease Example: Lyme disease Other examples Other examples Other examples Other examples

Useful Bacteria to Humans Break down wastes Break down wastes Recycle compounds from dead organisms Recycle compounds from dead organisms Create organic compounds Create organic compounds Food production (buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, sauerkraut, pickles) Food production (buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, sauerkraut, pickles) Produce fuels Produce fuels In insecticides In insecticides Bioremdiation: break down pollutants Bioremdiation: break down pollutants Video