The Enlightenment in Europe Mullin

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“The Big Picture” Renaissance – changed the way man interpreted MAN Renaissance – changed the way man interpreted MAN Reformation – changed the way man interpreted GOD Reformation – changed the way man interpreted GOD Age of Exploration – changed the way man interpreted the WORLD (& Europe’s place in it) Age of Exploration – changed the way man interpreted the WORLD (& Europe’s place in it) Scientific Revolution – changed the way man interpreted the UNIVERSE Scientific Revolution – changed the way man interpreted the UNIVERSE WHAT’S NEXT?!?! WHAT’S NEXT?!?!

“The Big Picture” Enlightenment – examination of the relationship between the people and government Enlightenment – examination of the relationship between the people and government What’s the most common form of government in the 18 th C.? What’s the most common form of government in the 18 th C.? Natural intellectual consequence of Renaissance and Scientific Revolution Natural intellectual consequence of Renaissance and Scientific Revolution Examination based in reasoned thought – not emotion! Examination based in reasoned thought – not emotion!

John Locke Wrote during the Glorious Revolution, in England (1688) Wrote during the Glorious Revolution, in England (1688) Social Contract idea: People give up some rights, but retain others Social Contract idea: People give up some rights, but retain others Inalienable rights Inalienable rights Life Life Liberty Liberty Property Property

John Locke People were reasonable (though still selfish) and had the natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Purpose of government is to protect these natural rights. Government power comes from the consent of the people.

John Locke Wrote Two Treatise on Government Wrote Two Treatise on Government Purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights Purpose of government is to protect inalienable rights People have right to overthrow unjust government People have right to overthrow unjust government

All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore governments must keep order. All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore governments must keep order. People should hand over their rights to a strong ruler. This was what Hobbes called a social contract. People should hand over their rights to a strong ruler. This was what Hobbes called a social contract. Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy). Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy). This powerful government with awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book Leviathan (1651). This powerful government with awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book Leviathan (1651). Thomas Hobbes

PS Analysis Read the following primary and secondary sources about the Enlightenment and the effect on English parliament and other Absolute Monarchs. Read the following primary and secondary sources about the Enlightenment and the effect on English parliament and other Absolute Monarchs. Due EOC

Voltaire Wrote more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Wrote more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Used satire against his enemies, especially the clergy. Used satire against his enemies, especially the clergy. Beliefs: Beliefs: Tolerance Tolerance Reason Reason Freedom of religious belief Freedom of religious belief Freedom of speech Freedom of speech “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. ” “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. ”

Voltaire Leading philosophe Leading philosophe Salons Salons Rich people’s sitting rooms Rich people’s sitting rooms Philosophes gathered to argue, debate ideas Philosophes gathered to argue, debate ideas Voltaire wrote Candide Voltaire wrote Candide Supported freedom of speech, religion Supported freedom of speech, religion Often made fun of intolerant nobles, churchmen Often made fun of intolerant nobles, churchmen “I disapprove of what you say, but will die defending your right to say it” “I disapprove of what you say, but will die defending your right to say it”

Montesqieu Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. Proposed the “ separation of powers ” between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Proposed “ checks and balances. ”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Passionately committed to individual freedom. Passionately committed to individual freedom. Believed man was born free and good but easily corrupted. Believed man was born free and good but easily corrupted. Believed the only good government was the “ general will ” or direct democracy. Believed the only good government was the “ general will ” or direct democracy.

Jean Jacques Rousseau Wrote The Social Contract Wrote The Social Contract People are good People are good People need gov’t to keep them that way People need gov’t to keep them that way People must have say in their gov’t People must have say in their gov’t Spoke a lot about Popular Sovereignty Spoke a lot about Popular Sovereignty Gov’t created by people Gov’t created by people Gov’t subject to will of people Gov’t subject to will of people Power o gov’t = people Power o gov’t = people

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Beliefs Beliefs Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crime. Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crime. Accused should receive speedy trials. Accused should receive speedy trials. Torture should never be used. Torture should never be used. Degree of punishment should match seriousness of crime. Degree of punishment should match seriousness of crime. Capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished. Capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished.

Mary Wollstonecraft Women should be equally educated along with men. Women should be equally educated along with men. Women should enter professions traditionally dominated by men like medicine and politics. Women should enter professions traditionally dominated by men like medicine and politics. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Shelley Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft. Mistress and later wife of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Author of Frankenstein in the summer of 1816, Later published in v=aY85IzWexWo&list=PLrzc0gyG AykExl_rDPBTffVBTvEl0xHwl

PS Analysis Read about Locke and Hobbs. Read about Locke and Hobbs. Analyze the PS documents. Analyze the PS documents. Answer the corresponding questions Answer the corresponding questions Due EOC

Enlightened despots Enlightened despots supported the ideas of the philosophes and made enlightenment reforms. Europe ’ s most important enlightened despots included Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine the Great of Russia.

Frederick II Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education

Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire

Joseph II of Austria Religion Religion Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. His anti- clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion. Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. His anti- clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion. The Arts The Arts He was known as the “ musical king. ” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie Amadeus, the fictionalized biography of Mozart. He was known as the “ musical king. ” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie Amadeus, the fictionalized biography of Mozart.

Enlightenment DBQ Read the essay question. Read the essay question. Read the documents and annotate them. Read the documents and annotate them. Compose a thesis statement that answers the essay question. Compose a thesis statement that answers the essay question. Write a two paragraph summary about how the documents support your thesis statement Write a two paragraph summary about how the documents support your thesis statement Quote the documents in your summary. Quote the documents in your summary.

The Enlightenment Spreads

Baroque Music Representative Composers Representative Composers Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach George Friedrich Handel George Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi ( ) Representative Works Representative Works Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in operas 46 operas 76 sonatas 76 sonatas Chamber music Chamber music Sacred music Sacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach ( ) Representative Works Representative Works cantatas cantatas chorales chorales organ works organ works lute music lute music chamber music chamber music canons and fugues canons and fugues Famous piece: “ Jesu Joy of Man ’ s Desiring ” Famous piece: “ Jesu Joy of Man ’ s Desiring ”

George Frederick Handel ( ) Representative Works Representative Works 42 operas 42 operas 29 oratorios 29 oratorios 120 cantatas, trios, duets 120 cantatas, trios, duets numerous arias numerous arias chamber music chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “ Hallelujah Chorus ”. Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “ Hallelujah Chorus ”.

Classical Music A new, lighter style, emerged during the Enlightenment Representative Composers Representative Composers Joseph Haydn Joseph Haydn Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn ( ) Known as “ Father of the Symphony ” and “ Father of the String Quartet ” Known as “ Father of the Symphony ” and “ Father of the String Quartet ” Representative Works Representative Works 104 Symphonies 104 Symphonies numerous concertos for various instruments numerous concertos for various instruments 15 operas 15 operas other music other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( ) Representative works Representative works 23 operas 23 operas numerous symphonies numerous symphonies “ Toy Symphony ” “ Toy Symphony ” concertos concertos “ Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314 ” “ Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314 ” piano music piano music chamber music chamber music sacred music sacred music masses masses

Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works Representative Works Symphonies (5 th and 9 th probably the most famous) Symphonies (5 th and 9 th probably the most famous) Piano music Piano music “ Fur Elise ” “ Fur Elise ” Vocal music Vocal music Operas Operas Choral music Choral music

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

Neoclassical Style Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Changes in literature during the Enlightenment Eighteenth century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose fiction. Pamela, by Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English novel.