McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Financial Assets Chapter 7

7-2 How Much Cash Should a Business Have? Accounts receivable Investments in securities (short-term investments) Cash (and cash equivalents) Collections from customers Cash payments “Excess” cash is invested temporarily Investments are sold as cash is needed

7-3 The Valuation of Financial Assets

7-4 Cash Coins and paper money Checks Money orders Travelers’ checks Bank credit card sales Cash is defined as any deposit banks will accept.

7-5 Reporting Cash in the Balance Sheet Cash Equivalents Restricted Cash Line of Credit

7-6 Cash Management Accurately account for cash. Prevent theft and fraud. Assure the availability of adequate amounts of cash. Prevent unnecessarily large amounts of idle cash. Accurately account for cash. Prevent theft and fraud. Assure the availability of adequate amounts of cash. Prevent unnecessarily large amounts of idle cash.

7-7 Internal Control Over Cash Segregate authorization, custody and recording of cash. Prepare a cash budget (or forecast). Prepare a control listing of cash receipts. Require daily deposits. Make all payments by check. Require that every expenditure be verified before payment. Promptly reconcile bank statements. Segregate authorization, custody and recording of cash. Prepare a cash budget (or forecast). Prepare a control listing of cash receipts. Require daily deposits. Make all payments by check. Require that every expenditure be verified before payment. Promptly reconcile bank statements.

7-8 Cash Over and Short Cash Over and Short is debited for shortages and credited for overages. On 5 May, XBAR Limited’s cash drawer was counted and found to be $10 over.

7-9 Reconciling the Bank Statement Explains the difference between cash reported on bank statement and cash balance in depositor’s accounting records. Provides information for reconciling journal entries.

7-10 Reconciling the Bank Statement Balance per Bank + Deposits in Transit - Outstanding Checks ± Bank Adjustments = Adjusted Balance Balance per Depositor + Deposits by Bank (credit memos) - Service Charge - NSF Checks ± Book Adjustments = Adjusted Balance

7-11 Reconciling the Bank Statement The 31 July bank statement for Simmons Company indicated a cash balance of $9,610 The cash ledger account on that date shows a balance of $7,430. Outstanding checks totaled $2,417. A $500 check mailed to the bank for deposit had not reached the bank at the statement date. The bank returned a customer’s NSF check for $225 received as payment of an account receivable. The bank statement showed $30 interest earned on the bank balance for the month of July. Check 781 for supplies cleared the bank for $268 but was erroneously recorded in our books as $240. A $486 deposit by Acme Company was erroneously credited to our account by the bank. The 31 July bank statement for Simmons Company indicated a cash balance of $9,610 The cash ledger account on that date shows a balance of $7,430. Outstanding checks totaled $2,417. A $500 check mailed to the bank for deposit had not reached the bank at the statement date. The bank returned a customer’s NSF check for $225 received as payment of an account receivable. The bank statement showed $30 interest earned on the bank balance for the month of July. Check 781 for supplies cleared the bank for $268 but was erroneously recorded in our books as $240. A $486 deposit by Acme Company was erroneously credited to our account by the bank.

7-12 Reconciling the Bank Statement

7-13 Reconciling the Bank Statement

7-14 Used for minor expenditures. Petty Cash Funds Has one custodian. Replenished periodically. Petty Cash Funds

7-15 Short-Term Investments Debt or Bond Investments Equity Investments Current Assets Almost As Liquid As Cash Readily Marketable Securities or Marketable Securities are...

7-16 Purchase of Investments in Securities Foster Limited purchases as a short-term investment 4,000 shares of The Coca-Cola Company on 1 December. Foster paid $48.98 per share, plus a brokerage commission of $80. Total Cost: (4,000 × $48.98) + $80 = $196,000 Cost per Share: $196,000 ÷ 4,000 = $49.00

7-17 Recognition of Investment Revenue On 15 December, Foster Limited receives a $0.30 per share dividend on its 4,000 shares of Coca-Cola. 4,000 × $0.30 = $1,200

7-18 Sales of Investments On 18 December, Foster Limited sells 500 shares of its Coca-Cola shares for $50.04 per share, less a $20 brokerage commission. Sales Proceeds: (500 × $50.04) - $20 = $25,000 Cost Basis: 500 × $49 = $24,500 Gain on Sale: $25,000 - $24,500 = $500

7-19 Adjusting Securities to Market Value On 31 December, Foster Limited’s remaining shares of Coca-Cola have a current market value of $47,000. Prior to any adjustment, the company’s Investments in Securities account has a balance of $49,000 (1,000 × $49 per share). Loss on fair value change: $47,000 - $49,000 = ($2,000)

7-20 Reflecting Uncollectible Accounts in the Financial Statements At the end of each period, record an estimate of the uncollectible accounts. Contra-asset account Selling expense

7-21 The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts The amortized cost or estimated collectible amount is the amount of accounts receivable that the business expects to collect.

7-22 Writing Off an Uncollectible Account Receivable When an account is determined to be uncollectible, it no longer qualifies as an asset and should be written off.

7-23 Notice that the $500 write-off did not change the estimated collectible amount nor did it affect any income statement accounts. Writing Off an Uncollectible Account Receivable

7-24 Monthly Estimates of Credit Losses At the end of each month, management should estimate the probable amount of uncollectible accounts and adjust the Allowance for Impairment to this new estimate. Two Approaches to Estimating Credit Losses: 1.Balance Sheet Approach 2.Income Statement Approach IFRS may not allow the income statement approach.

7-25 Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach  Year-end Accounts Receivable is broken down into age classifications.  Each age grouping has a different likelihood of being uncollectible.  Compute a separate allowance for each age grouping.

7-26 Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach At 31 December, the receivables for EastCo, Limited were categorized as follows:   

7-27 EastCo’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $500. Per the previous computation, the desired balance is $1,350. EastCo’s unadjusted balance in the allowance account is $500. Per the previous computation, the desired balance is $1,350. Estimating Credit Losses — The Balance Sheet Approach

7-28 Estimating Credit Losses — The Income Statement Approach Uncollectible accounts’ percentage is based on actual uncollectible accounts from prior years’ credit sales.

7-29 Estimating Credit Losses — The Income Statement Approach In 2009, EastCo had credit sales of $60,000. Historically, 1% of EastCo’s credit sales has been uncollectible. For 2009, the estimate of uncollectible accounts expense is $600. ($60,000 ×.01 = $600) In 2009, EastCo had credit sales of $60,000. Historically, 1% of EastCo’s credit sales has been uncollectible. For 2009, the estimate of uncollectible accounts expense is $600. ($60,000 ×.01 = $600)

7-30 Balance Sheet Approach vs. Income Statement Approach Advancement of computer and software allows easier usage of balance sheet approach Income statement approach may not meet the requirement of IFRS IFRS formally requires impairment loss to be determined by using the present value of estimated future cash flows  Be careful in applying the approach  Ensure that the percentage of credit loss can reflect the requirements of IFRS Advancement of computer and software allows easier usage of balance sheet approach Income statement approach may not meet the requirement of IFRS IFRS formally requires impairment loss to be determined by using the present value of estimated future cash flows  Be careful in applying the approach  Ensure that the percentage of credit loss can reflect the requirements of IFRS

7-31 Recovery of an Account Receivable Previously Written Off Subsequent collections require that the original write-off entry be reversed before the cash collection is recorded.

7-32 Direct Write-Off Method This method makes no attempt to match revenues with the expense of uncollectible accounts.

7-33 Internal Controls for Receivables  Maintenance of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.  Custody of cash receipts.  Authorization of accounts receivable write-offs.  Maintenance of the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.  Custody of cash receipts.  Authorization of accounts receivable write-offs. Separate the following duties:

7-34 Management of Accounts Receivable Extending credit encourages customers to buy from us but it ties up resources in accounts receivable. Factoring Accounts Receivable Credit Card Sales

7-35 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing to pay on demand or at a future date a definite sum of money. Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue Maker—the person who signs the note and thereby promises to pay. Payee—the person to whom payment is to be made. Maker—the person who signs the note and thereby promises to pay. Payee—the person to whom payment is to be made.

7-36 Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue The interest formula includes three variables: Interest = Principal × Interest Rate × Time When computing interest for one year, “Time” equals 1. When the computation period is less than one year, then “Time” is a fraction. For example, if we needed to compute interest for 3 months, “Time” would be 3 / 12.

7-37 On 1 November, Hall Company loans $10,000 to Porter Company on a 90-day note earning 12 percent interest. On 31 December, Hall Company needs an adjusting entry to record the interest revenue on the Porter Company note. Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue $10,000  12%  60 / 360 = $200

7-38 What entry would Hall Company make on the maturity date? Notes Receivable and Interest Revenue $10,000  12%  90 / 360 = $300

7-39 Financial Analysis and Decision Making Accounts Receivable Turnover Rate This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue. Accounts Receivable Turnover Rate This ratio provides useful information for evaluating how efficient management has been in granting credit to produce revenue. Net Sales Average Accounts Receivable

7-40 Financial Analysis and Decision Making Avg. Number of Days to Collect A/R This ratio helps judge the liquidity of a company’s accounts receivable. Avg. Number of Days to Collect A/R This ratio helps judge the liquidity of a company’s accounts receivable. Days in Year Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio

7-41 End of Chapter 7