Balancing Expressivity and Implementability in OWL Ontologies for Semantic Data Frameworks: The Journey from 2004 to 2009 and Beyond Peter Fox Tetherless World Constellation RPI Australia Ontology Workshop 2009

Outline The origins of this effort Why a framework and not a system? Semantics in 2004 The design and development methods Ontologies and the software and production! Semantics between 2004 and 2009 Discussion of the expressivity and implementability balance and one more … Since it is almost 2010 … what we are up to 2 Tetherless World Constellation

3 Background Scientists should be able to access a global, distributed knowledge base of scientific data that: appears to be integrated appears to be locally available But… data is obtained by multiple instruments, using various protocols, in differing vocabularies, using (sometimes unstated) assumptions, with inconsistent (or non-existent) meta-data. It may be inconsistent, incomplete, evolving, and distributed And… there exist(ed) significant levels of semantic heterogeneity, large-scale data, complex data types, legacy systems, inflexible and unsustainable implementation technology…

Origins In the need for capturing and preserving knowledge in science data became very clear but the barriers were high In 2004 we started a virtual observatory project based on semantic technologies Use case driven – in solar and solar-terrestrial physics with an emphasis on instrument-based measurements and real data pipelines; we needed implementations We knew we also needed integration and provenance (but that came later) We aimed to push semantics into our systems to build new ‘prototypes’ but we ‘failed’ ;-) Tetherless World Constellation 4

In – OWL was a W3 recommendation!! Protégé 2.x and the Protégé-Java-OWL API SWOOP was a viable editor Jena and the Jena API were in good shape Pellet worked SPARQL was still a twinkle in the RDF working group’s eye Semantics were still the realm of computer scientists – luckily we had one of the best Tetherless World Constellation 5

Frameworks vs. Systems Prior to 2005, we built systems Rough definitions – Systems have very well-define entry and exit points. A user tends to know when they are using one. Options for extensions are limited and usually require engineering – Frameworks have many entry and use points. A user often does not know when they are using one. Extension points are part of the design You don’t have to agree, this was our view Tetherless World Constellation 6

7 Ontology Spectrum Catalog/ ID Selected Logical Constraints (disjointness, inverse, …) Terms/ glossary Thesauri “narrower term” relation Formal is-a Frames (properties) Informal is-a Formal instance Value Restrs. General Logical constraints Originally from AAAI Ontologies Panel by Gruninger, Lehmann, McGuinness, Uschold, Welty; – updated by McGuinness. Description in:

Design and Development We made a conscious decision only to develop ontologies that were required to answer specific use cases We made a conscious effort to use whatever ontologies were available** We were pretty sure that rules would be needed We ignored query Tetherless World Constellation 8

Content: Coupling Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions Community data archive for observations and models of Earth's upper atmosphere and geophysical indices and parameters needed to interpret them. Includes browsing capabilities by periods, instruments, models, …

Content: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory Near real-time data from Hawaii from a variety of solar instruments. Source for space weather, solar variability, and basic solar physics Other content used too – CISM – Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling

11 Virtual Observatories Make data and tools quickly and easily accessible to a wide audience. Operationally, virtual observatories need to find the right balance of data/model holdings, portals and client software that researchers can use without effort or interference as if all the materials were available on his/her local computer using the user’s preferred language: i.e. appear to be local and integrated Likely to provide controlled vocabularies that may be used for interoperation in appropriate domains along with database interfaces for access and storage and “smart” tools for evolution and maintenance.

12 Early days of VxOs … … VO 1 VO 2 VO 3 DB 2 DB 3 DB n DB 1 ?

13 The Astronomy approach; data-types as a service … … VO App 1 VO App 2 VO App 3 DB 2 DB 3 DB n DB 1  VOTable  Simple Image Access Protocol  Simple Spectrum Access Protocol  Simple Time Access Protocol VO layer Limited interoperability Lightweight semantics Limited meaning, hard coded Limited extensibility Under review OGC: {WFS, WCS, WMS} and SWE {SOS, SPS, SAS} use the same approach

14 Science and technical use cases Find data which represents the state of the neutral atmosphere anywhere above 100km and toward the arctic circle (above 45N) at any time of high geomagnetic activity. – Extract information from the use-case - encode knowledge – Translate this into a complete query for data - inference and integration of data from instruments, indices and models Provide semantically-enabled, smart data query services via a SOAP web for the Virtual Ionosphere- Thermosphere-Mesosphere Observatory that retrieve data, filtered by constraints on Instrument, Date-Time, and Parameter in any order and with constraints included in any combination.

15 Use Case example Plot the neutral temperature from the Millstone-Hill Fabry Perot, operating in the non-vertical mode during January 2000 as a time series. Objects: – Neutral temperature is a (temperature is a) parameter – Millstone Hill is a (ground-based observatory is a) observatory – Fabry-Perot is a interferometer is a optical instrument is a instrument – Non-vertical mode is a instrument operating mode – January 2000 is a date-time range – Time is a independent variable/ coordinate – Time series is a data plot is a data product

16 Knowledge representation Statements as triples: {subject-predicate-object} interferometer is-a optical instrument Fabry-Perot is-a interferometer Optical instrument has focal length Optical instrument is-a instrument Instrument has instrument operating mode Instrument has measured parameter Instrument operating mode has measured parameter NeutralTemperature is-a temperature Temperature is-a parameter A query*: select all optical instruments which have operating mode vertical An inference: infer operating modes for a Fabry-Perot Interferometer which measures neutral temperature

Fox - APAC 2007, Driving e-research: Grids and Semantics 17 … … VO Portal Web Serv. VO API DB 2 DB 3 DB n DB 1 Semantic mediation layer - VSTO - low level Semantic mediation layer - mid-upper-level Education, clearinghouses, other services, disciplines, etc. Metadata, schema, data Query, access and use of data Semantic query, hypothesis and inference Semantic interoperability Added value Mediation Layer Ontology - capturing concepts of Parameters, Instruments, Date/Time, Data Product (and associated classes, properties) and Service Classes Maps queries to underlying data Generates access requests for metadata, data Allows queries, reasoning, analysis, new hypothesis generation, testing, explanation, etc.

Fox - APAC 2007, Driving e-research: Grids and Semantics 18 Partial exposure of Instrument class hierarchy - users seem to LIKE THIS Semantic filtering by domain or instrument hierarchy

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20 Inferred plot type and return required axes data

21 Semantic Web Services

Fox - APAC 2007, Driving e-research: Grids and Semantics 22 Semantic Web Services OWL document returned using VSTO ontology - can be used both syntactically or semantically

23 Semantic Web Benefits Unified/ abstracted query workflow: Parameters, Instruments, Date-Time Decreased input requirements for query: in one case reducing the number of selections from eight to three Generates only syntactically correct queries: which was not always insurable in previous implementations without semantics Semantic query support: by using background ontologies and a reasoner, our application has the opportunity to only expose coherent query (portal and services) Semantic integration: in the past users had to remember (and maintain codes) to account for numerous different ways to combine and plot the data whereas now semantic mediation provides the level of sensible data integration required, and exposed as smart web services – understanding of coordinate systems, relationships, data synthesis, transformations. – returns independent variables and related parameters A broader range of potential users (PhD scientists, students, professional research associates and those from outside the fields)

25 Semantic Web Methodology and Technology Development Process Use Case Small Team, mixed skills Analysis Adopt Technology Approach Leverage Technology Infrastructure Rapid Prototype Open World: Evolve, Iterate, Redesign, Redeploy Use Tools Science/Expert Review & Iteration Develop model/ ontology Evaluation

26 Developing ontologies Use cases and small team (7-8; 2-3 domain/ data experts, 2 knowledge experts, 1 software engineer, 1 facilitator, 1 scribe) Identify classes and minimal properties (leverage controlled vocab.) – Start with narrower terms, generalize when needed or possible – Adopt a suitable conceptual decomposition (e.g. SWEET) – Import modules when concepts are orthogonal – Add service classes and properties where needed Review, vet, publish Only code them (in RDF or OWL) when needed (CMAP, …) Ontologies: small and modular

Species validation Tetherless World Constellation 27

Expressivity VSTO 1.0 Tetherless World Constellation 28

Expressivity VSTO dev. version Tetherless World Constellation 29

Yikes Tetherless World Constellation 30

Ontologies and the software Protégé 2.x and then 3.x built from our ontology on the web Java class generation Eclipse as a development environment Leveraged a portal code base (from the Earth System Grid project) Tetherless World Constellation 31

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Implementation choices Our big challenge was time – in use cases and in the representation – Depending on the level of granularity there were > 200,000 day-time records, and > 70,000,000 sub-day time intervals – no triple store could handle this** We descoped our effort to delay use cases such as: find all neutral temperature data around the summer solstice for the last decade We chose a minimal time encoding in the ontology and delegated that to a relational DB Reasoning in finite time does not mean 3-4 secs! Tetherless World Constellation 34

Fox - APAC 2007, Driving e-research: Grids and Semantics 35 VSTO - semantics and ontologies in an operational environment: Web Service

Implications and OWL 1.0 Lack of numeric support meant that the the rules and procedural logic were implemented in java, i.e. in the code On several occasions the tools (not to be named) pushed us into OWL-Full, introduced inconsistencies, etc. Finally, they stabilized, and in 2005 (and again in 2006 and twice in 2007) we had stable releases Tetherless World Constellation 36

Evaluation Highlights: – Less clicks to data – Auto identification and retrieval of independent variables & plotting support – Faster – Support for finding instruments (without specifying the id includes finding data from instruments that the user did not know to ask for) Questions (potentially with 35 responses) – What do you like about the new searching interface? (9) – Are you finding the data you need? (35: Yes=34, No=1) – What is the single biggest difference? (8) – How do you like to search for data? Browse, type a query, visual? (10, Browse=7, Type=0, Visual=3) – What other concepts are you interested in using for search, e.g. time of high solar activity, campaign, feature, phenomenon, others? (5, all of these) – Does the interface and services deliver the functionality, speed, flexibility you require? (30, Yes=30, No=0) – How often do you use the interface in your normal work? (19, Daily=13, Monthly=4, Longer=2) – Are there places where the interface/ services fail to perform as desired? (5, Yes=1, No=4) Tetherless World Constellation 37

Iteration We need the ability to evolve the ontology and not break the framework As we broaden re-use of these ontologies and creation of new ones – We needed visual tools like CMAP Ontology Editor – We needed the visual tools to work with the editing/ plugin tools – they do not – We needed to use natural language forms but this ended up being sparse but that need will increase – Need tools aimed at software engineers and domain scientists: three-pronged approach and interoperable: OWL in editors (e.g. Protégé, SWOOP, etc.) Visual (e.g. CMAP/COE) Natural Language (e.g. Rabbit, CL, Peng) Tetherless World Constellation 38

Maintenance Support for collaborative feedback, evolution Change management Support for ‘comments’ and ‘annotations’, i.e. self-documentation Package management: creation, dependency, consistency checking Tetherless World Constellation 39

Semantics between 2004 and 2009 Ontologies were needed for data integration and provenance and mediation for data mining Protégé 3.x and then 4.0 came out SWOOP development was interrupted Cmap added OWL predicate support* SPARQL became a recommendation Triple stores exploded in use and capability Linked Open Data started to take off Pellet 2.0 came out We invaded OWLED 2006, 2007, and 2009 Tetherless World Constellation 40

41 Semantic Web Layers

Other projects – ontologies for faceted search Tetherless World Constellation 42

For data integration Tetherless World Constellation 43

Ontology packaging Tetherless World Constellation 44

Provenance Tetherless World Constellation 45

Discussion of E versus I We had to expand the balance to now include maintainability (/ evolvability) E-M-I briefly – E.g. modularization has become essential to facilitate ontology packaging -> need to take advantage of OWL 2 – Separation of class and instances Makes visual development possible Also facilitates SPARQL end-point approaches As tools and applications improve we reconsider our past choices – Adding time** back into VSTO and moving to OWL 2 Tetherless World Constellation 46

2010 Recently funded to take our developments into a configurable SDF, thus we will push ontology languages and tools on new ways: OWL 2 – RL in particular – Annotations – Property chaining SPARQL (yawn) RIF – probably not for a while However, the tools still lag behind – especially for visual and natural language development Tetherless World Constellation 47

Modularization One of the primary goals of VSTO 2.0 is to modularize the VSTO ontology, e.g., an instrument module does not require any other classes besides the instrument and maybe an instrument operating mode to substantiate what an instrument is. The problem with modularization, however, is that although a subset may substantiate a concept, that concept, especially in VSTO, has a number of relations linking it with other concepts within the ontology, for instance the instrument module may measure a number of parameters in the parameter module, or have a time coverage that would be defined in the time module. Each observatory that the VSTO integrates data for will import only the modules that are appropriate for the observatory's domain. There are also some modules that will always be required, regardless of the domain, like the instrument, parameter, and time modules. Each observatory ontology has its own way of linking these modular concepts, which will be called link properties. This presents a problem, as the VSTO portal may not know which link property to use to associate an instrument with a set of parameters or a time coverage, as it becomes the responsibility of the ontology for the respective observatory to define the link properties. Tetherless World Constellation 48

‘Interfaces’ or ‘Extensions’ This is where the VSTO interface ontology comes in. It doesn't have to be called the VSTO interface, it could be VSTO link properties, or anything for that matter. The purpose of this ontology is to define a few link properties that will be required for navigation to data in the VSTO portal. For instance, the guided workflows as they work now, would require a number of link properties. E.g. the Start by Instrument Workflow, the VSTO interface would require an instrument and time coverage link property to get from step 1 to step 2 in the workflow. In the case that an instrument of the CEDAR observatory is selected in step 1, this link property could be created in a rule-based logic as… – ( Instrument_1 hasInstrumentOperatingMode IOM_1 ^ IOM_1 hasDataset Dataset_1 ^ Dataset_1 hasTimeCoverage TimeInterval_1 ) => Instrument_1 hasTimeCoverage TimeInterval_1 Of course, this would have to be done for all instrument operating modes and all datasets associated with those operating modes to determine the full time coverage of an instrument. Tetherless World Constellation 49

OWL 2 considerations What's good?: – new syntactic sugar to simplify ontology – ability to compare numerics OWL 2 QL Synopsis: – focused on ontology interoperability with database systems where scalable reasoning and query answering over large numbers of instances is most important task Why is it a good match?: – synopsis above, query answering over a large number of time instances will have to be performed Why isn't it a good match?: – does not support enumerations, a feature required by some concepts in VSTO – does not support functional properties, a feature required by some properties in VSTO – does not support property inclusions involving property chains, a feature we hope to utilize to define rules for VSTO – does not support keys, a feature we hope to add when Protege 4.1 released (along with support for creation of keys) Tetherless World Constellation 50

OWL 2 considerations OWL 2 RL Synopsis: – focused on ontology interoperability with rule extended DBMSs where scalable reasoning over large datasets is the most important task Likely final choice: – supports all OWL features currently required by VSTO, including enumerations and functional properties – supports property inclusions involving property chains, so potential for rules can be addressed, namely for reasoning over time intervals – supports keys Tetherless World Constellation 51

Back to Semantic Data Frameworks With the substantial adoption of semantics in science data applications – There is a need for a higher level of application/ tool infrastructure – Others are experiencing the same lessons with ontology and application development We are aggregating our efforts into a: Semantic eScience Framework (SESF)* – Configurable, i.e. ontology loadable and driven Tetherless World Constellation 52

Inference vs. Query The real power of semantic web in science is likely to lay in the ability to balance implementation choices between inference (RDFS and OWL) and query (even SPARQL) It is clear to us that the effect upon expressivity and maintainability will be an essential consideration – Recall the OWL-QL – OWL RL findings Also depends on how dynamic the KB is… Tetherless World Constellation 53

I.e. SDF vs LOD Linked open data – RDFS and SPARQL – Emergent ontology versus, well, an engineered one – Current chaos due to owls:sameas – Dynamic content One of the present challenges for us is to accommodate the web of data into emerging needs for federated search and access as SDFs are curated.. And yes, there is RDFS 2.0 to consider Tetherless World Constellation 54

Summary We set out to build a prototype and ended up with a production semantic data framework – Language and tools served us well Even with modest expressivity we challenged the tools of the time and made many compromises All along the way, we evaluated our ontology developments and implementations to gauge the benefits of semantics Maintainability, esp. modularization is driving new expressivity needs We continue to need to bridge the computer science and application communities Tetherless World Constellation 55

Further Information Contacts: – Tetherless World Constellation 56