Canadian economy booming Supplying war effort (very expensive: new technology, huge numbers of troops) Goods go to Europe, prices rise in Canada, wages stay the same, profiteers happy, workers unhappy Rationing Limiting consumption of food and supplies so more available for the soldiers Victory Bonds Patriotic savings bonds sold to public to pay for the war Income Tax and Borrowing “temporary” tax on workers’ wages, and money borrowed from other countries

Propaganda – information presented in a certain way to spread particular beliefs and emotions

Took over many jobs left vacant by soldiers: Traditionally “male” jobs Supported the country in time of need New responsibilities = New rights Suffrage movement (Nellie McClung) Manitoba first province to allow women to vote (1916) British Columbia in 1917; the rest of Canada is behind

British Women Building Ships, 1918

British Woman Driving Truck, 1917

British Women working in factory. Here they are working with coal.

Canadian Women doing target practice, 1917

Many women enlisted as nurses on the Western Front

Changing Role of Women

December 6, 1917 Destruction of WWI came to Canada French ship, Mont Blanc, collided with another ship in Halifax harbour Carrying 2500 tons of dynamite and munitions Explosion and fires killed more than 2000 people; 9,000 wounded; 25,000 left homeless One of the worst disasters in Canadian history

Between 1891 and 1914, approximately 170,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada from Europe. They liked the Canadian government’s offer of free land and a better life on the Canadian prairies.

During this time, the regions where Ukrainians came from were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Ukrainian immigrants from these regions were labelled as “Austrian” or “Austro-Hungarian”. (Area # 6 and #2 on the map)

In 1914, through the War Measures Act, Canada issued an order for registration and in certain cases, internment of individuals who were considered to be of ‘enemy nationality’ to Canada. Austria-Hungary was not an ally of Canada during the war. Therefore, many Ukrainians and other East European immigrants were described as Austrian “enemy aliens” by the Canadian government.

Over 9,000 men, women and children were interned (like imprisonment) in 24 concentration camps across Canada. Approximately 5,000 of those interned were Ukrainian; 1000 were other Austro-Hungarians, 2000 were German, and others included Turks and Bulgarians. As many as 80,000 Ukrainians were forced to carry identity documents and report regularly to government authorities.

Ukrainian immigrants and other suspected “enemy aliens” lost trust in the government after having their activities tracked and their loyalty to Canada questioned. Some were deported after the war. Others changed their names to hide the shame of being interned from their children. The ethnic pride and self-image of Ukrainians in Canada was negatively affected because of their internment as war criminals. * In order to prove their loyalty to Canada, large numbers of Ukrainian Canadians volunteered for military duty during World War II.