Chapter 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence MM

The Challenges of Independence o Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries o Bangladesh violence & African negligence of the people o Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries o Bangladesh violence & African negligence of the people o Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warring o eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts - Big African boost BUT AIDS & production - Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil. o colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support o Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warring o eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts - Big African boost BUT AIDS & production - Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil. o colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support

o POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status - Previous high mortality rates o POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status - Previous high mortality rates o migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed - become political menace w/ riots o severe division of rich and slums o environmental issues o migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed - become political menace w/ riots o severe division of rich and slums o environmental issues The Challenges of Independence

o Funding for industrialization scarce o Dependence on a few primary products for international trade - leaders blame neocolonial economy -Corrupt gov and lack of reforms -> international assistance o Funding for industrialization scarce o Dependence on a few primary products for international trade - leaders blame neocolonial economy -Corrupt gov and lack of reforms -> international assistance

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice o Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry - Leftist ideas (support from Soviets) o Dictator rule through Convention People’s party -Seem like Confucius and Muhammad was deposed by coup while in Vietnam o Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry - Leftist ideas (support from Soviets) o Dictator rule through Convention People’s party -Seem like Confucius and Muhammad was deposed by coup while in Vietnam o Harsh military regimes -Uganda - Myanmar o Egyptian radical movement -Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal Abdul Nasser - allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift & reforms (middle class and peasant) o Harsh military regimes -Uganda - Myanmar o Egyptian radical movement -Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal Abdul Nasser - allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift & reforms (middle class and peasant)

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over Suez Revolution: all political parties disbanded Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans) against Arab nation and for Suez Failed: land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel Stalemate with Sadat Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over Suez Revolution: all political parties disbanded Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans) against Arab nation and for Suez Failed: land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel Stalemate with Sadat

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice o India: secular democratic views & industrial society - ^^ literacy, family planning, development, technology o Nehru and Congress party most power -Opposing parties locally strong o India: secular democratic views & industrial society - ^^ literacy, family planning, development, technology o Nehru and Congress party most power -Opposing parties locally strong o Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini religious revolution to promote old ways globally in Iran - claimed to be divinely inspired o had not been westernized or colonized o Shah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation -Economic slump and angered middle class o Saddam Hussein takes over o Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini religious revolution to promote old ways globally in Iran - claimed to be divinely inspired o had not been westernized or colonized o Shah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation -Economic slump and angered middle class o Saddam Hussein takes over

Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice o White ruled South Africa: largest and richest, still colonially dominated independence - homelands set up for tribal blacks - Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela o still rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas o White ruled South Africa: largest and richest, still colonially dominated independence - homelands set up for tribal blacks - Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela o still rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas o African National congress: illigal o African leaders sent to prisons - others (Steve Biko) murdered o protests named “communist inspired” o F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid o African National congress: illigal o African leaders sent to prisons - others (Steve Biko) murdered o protests named “communist inspired” o F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid

South African 2011 black/white ratio