THERMODYMANICS Thermodynamics is the study of the motion of heat energy as it is transferred from the system to the surrounding or from the surrounding to the system. The transfer of heat could be due to a physical change or a chemical change. There are three laws of chemical thermodynamics.

CHEMICAL THERMODYMANICS The first law of thermodynamics: Energy and matter can be neither created nor destroyed; only transformed from one form to another. The energy and matter of the universe is constant. The second law of thermodynamics: In any spontaneous process there is always an increase in the entropy of the universe. The entropy is increasing. The third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero. There is no molecular motion at absolute 0 K.

HEAT The energy that flows into or out of a system because of a difference in temperature between the thermodynamic system and its surrounding. Symbolized by "q".  When heat is evolved by a system, energy is lost and "q” is negative (-).  When heat is absorbed by the system, the energy is added and "q" is positive (+).

HEAT FLOW Heat can flow in one of two directions:Exothermic To give off heat; energy is lost from the system: (-q)Endothermic To absorb heat; energy is added to the system: (+q)

HEAT OF REACTION If the heat transfer involves a chemical reaction then q is called: HEAT OF REACTION The heat energy (  H; enthalpy) required to return a system to the given temperature at the completion of the reaction. q =  H at constant pressure The heat of reaction can be specific to a reaction like: HEAT OF COMBUSTION The quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of substance burns in oxygen. UNITS: kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) or kcal/mol (kilocalories per mole)

HEAT CAPACITY & SPECIFIC HEAT HEAT CAPACITY: HEAT CAPACITY: The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin). q = C p  T SPECIFIC HEAT: SPECIFIC HEAT: The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin). q = s x m x  T Both Cp & s are chemical specific constants found in the textbook or CRC Handbook.

UNITS for HEAT ENERGY Heat energy is usually measured in either Joules, given by the unit (J), and kilojoules (kJ) or in calories, written shorthand as (cal), and kilocalories (kcal). 1 cal = J NOTE: This conversion correlates to the specific heat of water which is 1 cal/g o C or J/g o C.

SPECIFIC HEAT  Determine the energy (in kJ) required to raise the temperature of g of water from 20.0 o C to 85.0 o C? m = g  T = T f -T i = o C = 65.0 o C q = m x s x  Ts (H 2 O) = J/ g - o C q = (100.0 g) x (4.184 J/g- o C) x (65.0 o C) 27.2 kJ q = J (1 kJ / 1000J) = 27.2 kJ  Determine the specific heat of an unknown metal that required 2.56 kcal of heat to raise the temperature of g from 15.0 o C to o C? S = cal /g - o C

PRACTICE PROBLEM 1. Iron metal has a specific heat of J/g o C. How much heat is transferred to a 5.00 g piece of iron, initially at 20.0 o C, when it is placed in a beaker of boiling water at 1 atm? 2. How many calories of energy are given off to lower the temperature of g of iron from o C to 35.0 o C? 3. If 3.47 kJ were absorbed by 75.0 g H 2 O at 20.0 o C, what would be the final temperature of the water? 180. J 1.23 x 10 3 cal 31.1 o C

Water and the Changes of State The energy required to heat (or cool) a solid (or heat/cool a liquid or a gas) can be calculated using q = ms  T. It requires additional energy to change states. The energy required to convert a specific amount of the solid to a liquid is known as the heat of fusion (q =  H fus ) and the energy required to convert a specific amount of a liquid to a gas is the heat of vaporization (q =  H vap ). The total amount of energy can be calculated from q T = q 1 + q 2 + q 3... Temperature o C Heating curve for water