McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Sociological Perspective SOCIAL INEQUALITY part McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

chapter McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Prejudice and Discrimination Studying Race and Ethnicity Patterns of Intergroup Relations Race and Ethnicity in the United States Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global ImmigrationSocial Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global Immigration 11 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Minority Groups –Racial Groups This term indicates a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences. –Ethnic Groups This term indicates a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Table 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000 Racial groups Whites (includes 16.9 million 211, White Hispanics) Blacks/African Americans 34, Native Americans, Alaskan Native 2, Asian Americans 10, Chinese 2, Filipinos 1, Asian Indians 1, Vietnamese 1, Koreans 1, Japanese Other 1, Number inPercentage of ClassificationThousandsTotal Population Source: American Jewish Committee 2001; Bureau of the Census 2001c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Therrien and Ramirez

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Table 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000 Ethnic groups White ancestry (single or mixed) Germans 46, Irish 33, English 28, Italians 15, French 9, Poles 9, Jews 6, Hispanics (or Latinos) 35, Mexican Americans 23, Central and South Americans 5, Puerto Ricans 3, Cubans 1, Other 2, Total (all groups) 281,422 Number inPercentage of ClassificationThousandsTotal Population Source: American Jewish Committee 2001; Bureau of the Census 2001c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Therrien and Ramirez

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █ Figure 11.1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, (Projected) Source: Author’s estimate; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2000c; Grieco and Cassidy 2001; Thornton 1987.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Minority Groups –A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power than members of the dominant or majority group. –Properties of a minority group include: unequal treatment distinguishing cultural characteristics involuntary membership solidarity in-group marriage

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Race –Racial Group The term racial group refers to those minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences. –Biological Significance of Race There are no “pure races.” Migration, exploration, and invasion have led to intermingling of races.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Race –Social Construction of Race This term refers to the process whereby people define a group as a race in part on physical characteristics and in part on historical, cultural, and economic factors. The one drop rule: if a person had a single drop of “Black blood,” they were viewed as nonwhite.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Race –Stereotypes A stereotype is an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups █Ethnicity –An ethnic group is set apart from others based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. –Ethnic groups in the United States include: Hispanic Americans Jewish Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Prejudice and Discrimination █Prejudice –Prejudice Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. –Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Prejudice and Discrimination █Discriminatory Behavior –Discrimination Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias. Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members. The glass ceiling is the invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in a work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Prejudice and Discrimination █ Figure 11.2: Active Hate Groups in the United States, 2002 Source: Southern Poverty Law Center 2003.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Prejudice and Discrimination Source: Hate Crime Statistics Report 2001, █ Incidents: Victim Type by Bias Motivation, 2001

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Prejudice and Discrimination █Institutional Discrimination –The denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from the normal operations of a society. –Institutional discrimination affects some racial and ethnic groups more than others.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Prejudice and Discrimination █Institutional Discrimination –Institutional discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal societal operations. –Some examples are: requiring English only to be spoken at work preferential admissions policies by colleges restrictive employment-leave policies

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Prejudice and Discrimination █Institutional Discrimination –Affirmative Action: Positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Studying Race and Ethnicity █Functionalist Perspective –Three functions of racial prejudice for the dominant group include: Justification for maintaining an unequal society Discouraging of subordinate groups from questioning their status Encouraging support for the existing order

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Studying Race and Ethnicity █Conflict Perspective –Exploitation Theory Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies the dominant group with a supply of cheap labor. By forcing minorities to accept low wages, capitalists can restrict wages of all workers. Workers from the dominant group wanting higher wages can be replaced by minorities who must accept lower wages.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Studying Race and Ethnicity █Interactionist Perspective –Contact Hypothesis Interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Patterns of Intergroup Relations █Extreme Behaviors –Genocide:The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. –Expulsion: The forced removal of a people from a region or country. –Ethnic Cleansing: Term originating with Serbian forces in 1991 in the newly independent states of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This forced expulsion of Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia had elements of expulsion, torture, sexual abuse, and genocide.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Patterns of Intergroup Relations █Amalgamation –Amalgamation occurs when a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group. –The melting pot belief became compelling in the early twentieth century; however, many people were not willing to have certain groups as part of the melting pot. The melting pot analogy, therefore, does not adequately describe dominant- subordinate relations existing in the United States.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Patterns of Intergroup Relations █Assimilation –Assimilation describes the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. In general, a minority group member wants to conform to the standards of the dominant group. –As persons become more assimilated, they retain fewer of their original cultural characteristics.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Patterns of Intergroup Relations █Segregation –This term refers to the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence. –Generally, a dominant group imposes segregation on a minority group. –Examples include: apartheid in South Africa housing practices in parts of the United States

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Patterns of Intergroup Relations █Pluralism –Pluralism is based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures. –Pluralism allows a minority group to express its own culture and participate without prejudice in the larger society. –Switzerland exemplifies a modern pluralistic state.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Patterns of Intergroup Relations EXTERMINATION or genocide EXPULSION SUCCESSION or partitioning FUSION or amalgamation or melting pot SEGREGATION ASSIMILATION PLURALISM or multiculturalism Source: Richard T. Schaefer Racial and Ethnic Groups. 8 th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Figure 1.4 on p. 25. █ Intergroup Relations Continuum

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Racial Groups –African Americans African Americans are currently the largest minority group in the United States. Contemporary prejudice and discrimination patterns against African Americans are rooted in our history of slavery.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Race and Ethnicity in the United States Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 41. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at █ African Americans, 2000 Number of people indicating exactly one race, Black or African American, by county 50,000 to 1,406,000 10,000 to 49,999 5,000 to 9,999 1,000 to 4, to to 99

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Figure 11.3: Census 2000: The Image Diversity Source: C. Brewer and Suchan 2001:20.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Racial Groups –Native Americans Native Americans represent a diverse array of cultures. Native Americans have a teen suicide rate four times the national average. An increasing number of Americans are claiming identity as Native American.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Race and Ethnicity in the United States National Center for Health Statistics, “Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans,” issued Oct. 24, 2003, █ Percent of Population in Selected Race and Hispanic Origin Groups by Age: U.S

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Table 11.2: Relative Economic Positions of Various Racial and Ethnic Groups Four-year college 27.3% 17.5% 11.5% 43.8% 11.2% education, people 25 and over (2002) Median household $46,305 $29,470 $32,116 $53,635 $33,565 income (2001) Unemployment 5.5% 11.1% ——— 5.9% 8.2% rate (2003) People below the 7.8% 22.7% 25.7% 10.2% 21.4% poverty line (2001) AfricanNativeAsian CharacteristicWhitesAmericansAmericansAmericansHispanics Source: Bauman and Graf 2003:5; Bishaw and Ireland 2003: Bureau of the Census 2002a:41-44; DeNavas-Walt and Cleveland 2002:4; Department of Labor 2002; McKinnon 2003; Proctor and Dalaker 2002:3; Ramirez and de la Cruz 2003; Reeves and Bennett 2003.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Race and Ethnicity in the United States Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 53. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html.. █ American Indians and Alaska Natives, ,000 to 76,990 10,000 to 49,999 5,000 to 9,999 1,000 to 4, to to 99 Number of people indicating exactly one race, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), by county

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Racial Groups –Asian Americans Asian Americans comprise one of the fastest growing segments of the United States population. Asian Americans include: –Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Americans Asian Americans are often held up as a model or ideal minority group.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Race and Ethnicity in the United States Number of people indicating exactly one race, Asian, by county 50,000 to 1,138,000 10,000 to 49,999 5,000 to 9,999 1,000 to 4, to to 99 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 65. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at census.gov/population/www/cen2000/dt_atlas.html.. █ Asian Americans, 2000

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Ethnic Groups –Hispanics / Latinos Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the United States. Hispanics share Spanish language and culture, which can be problematic for assimilation in the U.S. Hispanic Americans include: –Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Race and Ethnicity in the United States Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Mapping Census 2000: The Geography of U.S. Diversity. Series CENSR/01-1, p. 95. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at █ Latino Americans, 2000 All races: Number of people indicating Hispanic or Latino origin by county 50,000 to 4,243,000 10,000 to 49,999 5,000 to 9,999 1,000 to 4, to to 99

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Ethnic Groups –Jewish Americans Jewish Americans constitute 3 percent of the population. Jewish Americans have high levels of education and professional training. Jewish Americans, like other groups, face the problem of maintaining cultural heritage and the problem of assimilation.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Ethnic Groups –Jewish Americans Jews constitute almost three percent of the US population Anti-Semitism, or anti-Jewish prejudice, exists in the United States, though rarely as widespread and formalized as in Europe. Like other minorities, Jewish Americans face the choice of maintaining ties to their religious and cultural heritage or becoming assimilated into Gentile culture.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █Ethnic Groups –White Ethnics White ethnics are people whose ancestors came from Europe in the last 100 years. Predominant White ethnic groups include: –German Americans –Irish Americans –Italian Americans, and –Polish Americans.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Figure 11.5: Major Hispanic Groups in the U.S., 2000 Source: Therrien and Ramirez 2001:1.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Race and Ethnicity in the United States NOTE: Please answer BOTH Questions 5 and 6. Is this person Spanish/Hispanic/ Latino? Mark X the “NO” box if not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino No, not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino Yes, Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano Yes, Puerto Rican Yes, Cuban Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic/ Latino Print Group What is this person’s race? Mark X one or more races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be. White Black, African Am., or Negro American Indian or Alaska Native – Print name of enrolled or principal tribe. Asian Indian Native Hawaiian Chinese Guamanian Filipino or Chamorro Japanese Samoan Korean Other Pacific Vietnamese Islander Other Asian – Print race. Some other race – Print race Source: Bureau of the Census United States Census Dress Rehearsal. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 5 6

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Race and Ethnicity in the United States █ Figure 11.6: Immigration in the U.S., 1820s–1990s Source: Immigration and Naturalization Service 199a, 99b. Projection for the 1990s by the author based on Immigration and Naturalization.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Race and Ethnicity in the United States (Click inside frame to start video) █ Some Workers Who Came to the United States from India Found the American Dream has Turned into a Nightmare

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █Global Immigration –The Issue Worldwide immigration is at an all time high. The constantly increasing number of immigrants puts pressure on the job markets and welfare systems of the countries they enter. Who should be allowed in? At what point should immigration be curtailed?

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █ Major Migration Patterns of the 1990s

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █ Figure 11.7: Foreign-Born Population of the United States, 2000 Source: Schmidley 2001:12.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █Global Immigration –The Setting The immigration of people is not uniform across time or space. However, more and more migrants who cannot make adequate livings in their home nations are making permanent moves to developed nations. Fear and resentment of this growing racial and ethnic diversity is a key factor in opposition to immigration.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Mexico* China* Philippines* India* Cuba* 7,841 (7,364-8,318) 4,298 1,391 (1,195-1,588) ,222 (1,038-1,407) 1,007 (839-1,174) (784-1,121) 863 (708-1,019) ( ) 701 ( ) ( ) 348 Vietnam* El Salvador* Korea Dominican Republic* Canada Germany Soviet Union* United Kingdom ( ) 653 ( ) 624 ( ) 613 ( ) *Change from 1990 to 2000 is statistically significant. (Numbers in thousands. 90-percent confidence intervals in parentheses for 2000 estimates. For 1990, resident population. For 2000, civilian noninstitutional population plus Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population Profile of the United States: Figure (Internet Release) accessed at █ Countries of Birth and Foreign-Born Population with 500,000 or more in 2000: 1990 and 2000

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Foreign-born population (in millions) Percent of total population (For 1850–1990, resident population. For 2000, civilian noninstitutional population plus Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census Figure 1-1 in Profile of the Foreign-Born Population. Current Population Reports P Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Also accessible at █ Foreign-Born Population and Percent of Total Population for the United States: 1850 to 2000

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Source: Student Atlas of World Politics, 5th Edition, by John L. Allen,©2002 █ Global Distribution of Minority Groups

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Source: Student Atlas of World Politics, 5th Edition, by John L. Allen,©2002 █ World Refugee Population

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █Global Immigration –Sociological Insights Immigration provides many valuable functions. Receiving nations, it alleviates labor shortages such as in the areas of health care and technology in the United States. For the sending nation, migration can relieve economies unable to support large numbers of people. Continued...

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 55 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █Global Immigration –Sociological Insights Conflict theorists note how much of the debate over immigration is phrased in economic terms. But this debate intensifies when the arrivals are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds from the host population.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 56 Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity █Global Immigration –Policy Initiatives The entire world feels the overwhelming impact of economic globalization on immigration patterns. The intense debate over immigration reflects deep value conflicts in the cultures of many nations. Hostility to potential immigrants and refugees reflects not only racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, but also a desire to maintain the dominant culture of the in-group by keeping out those viewed as outsiders.