Fiber Optics John Swienton Fiber Geek - JDSU

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION2 You know us because you rely on our technology every day Business Segments Communications & Commercial Optical Products Communications Test & Measurement Advanced Optical Technologies Total Market Size (Annual)* $3.9B$2.8B$1.5B Annual Growth Rate* 5-15%6-12%5-10% JDSU Market Position* #1-2 Markets Telecom, Datacom, Submarine, Long Haul, Metro, Access, Biotech, Microelec, Telecom/Cable Access, Metro, Core & Home Networking Currency, Defense Authentication, Instrumentation Sample Customers Alcatel-Lucent, ASML, Becton Dickinson, Ciena, Cisco, Ericsson, ESI, KLA Tencor, Tellabs, Huawei, Nortel, NSN, Fujitsu Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, British Telecom, China Telecom, Comcast, Telmex, Verizon Abrisa, Bank of China, Dolby Laboratories, ITT, Lockheed Martin, Pfizer, SICPA * Sources: Central Banks, Frost & Sullivan, Infonetics Research, Ovum-RHK, PIRA Research, Prime Data, US Chamber of Commerce, and internal analysis.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION3 Measurements and Scales

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION4 Light Measurements

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION5 Scales

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION6 Fiber Review

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION7 Optical Fiber

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION8 Optical Fiber Types  2 types: –Singlemode –Multimode

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION9 Multimode Fiber – Denoted by an Orange Jacket

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION10 Single Mode Fiber - SMF

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Cross section of an Single Mode optical fiber

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION12 Refraction

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION13 n = c / v n = refractive index c = velocity of light in a vacuum v = velocity of light in glass IOR = Index of Refraction

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION14 Reflection

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION15 Light in an optical fiber – Total Internal Reflection

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION16 Bending

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION17 Absorption

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION18 Optical Return Loss = Optical Reflectance Loss

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION km Attenuation

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION20 Rayleigh Scattering

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION21 Common Connector Types SC Commonly referred to as Sam Charlie FC Commonly referred to as Frank Charlie ST Commonly referred to as Sam Tom LC Commonly referred to as Lima Charlie

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION22 Connector Configurations PC or UPC vs APC SC - PC SC - APC

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION23 IBYC

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION24 Focused On the Connection Bulkhead Adapter Fiber Connector Alignment Sleeve Physical Contact Fiber Ferrule Fiber connectors are widely known as the WEAKEST AND MOST PROBLEMATIC points in the fiber network.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION25 What Makes a GOOD Fiber Connection?  Perfect Core Alignment  Physical Contact  Pristine Connector Interface The 3 basic principles that are critical to achieving an efficient fiber optic connection are “The 3 P’s”: CLEAN Light Transmitted

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION26 What Makes a BAD Fiber Connection?  A single particle mated into the core of a fiber can cause significant back reflection, insertion loss and even equipment damage.  Visual inspection of fiber optic connectors is the only way to determine if they are truly clean before mating them. CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical networks. DIRT Back ReflectionInsertion LossLight

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION27 Illustration of Particle Migration  Each time the connectors are mated, particles around the core are displaced, causing them to migrate and spread across the fiber surface.  Particles larger than 5µ usually explode and multiply upon mating.  Large particles can create barriers (“air gap”) that prevent physical contact.  Particles less than 5µ tend to embed into the fiber surface creating pits and chips. 11.8µ 15.1µ 10.3µ Actual fiber end face images of particle migration Core Cladding

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION28 Types of Contamination A fiber end-face should be free of any contamination or defects, as shown below: Common types of contamination and defects include the following: DirtOilPits & ChipsScratches SimplexRibbon

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION29 Contamination and Signal Performance Fiber Contamination and Its Affect on Signal Performance CLEAN CONNECTION Back Reflection = dB Total Loss = dB 1 DIRTY CONNECTION Back Reflection = dB Total Loss = 4.87 dB 3 Clean Connection vs. Dirty Connection This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal performance when dirty connectors are mated.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION30 OTDRs

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION31 Reflection Loss Backscattered light Transmitted light Fresnel Reflection Reflective events on an OTDR

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION32 Mechanical Splice

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION33 Loss Transmitted light Non-Reflective Events

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION34 Fusion Splice

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION35 30 seconds OTDR OTDR Trace

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION36 WDM

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION37 [nm] “C” Band “L” Band “O” Band “E” Band “S” Band “U” Band »C-Band nm to 1565nm »L-Band nm to 1625nm »U-Band nm to 1675 nm »O-Band nm to 1310nm »E-Band nm to 1460nm »S-Band nm to 1530nm Bands and Wavelengths

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION nm 1550 nm 1625 nm Fiber Wavelength Division Multiplexing

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Wave Division Multiplexing

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION40 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and bandwidth CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost 100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm spacing ITU Channels C band – 100 channels L band – 100 channels 50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm spacing Therefore ITU wavelengths C band – 200 channels L band – 200 channels

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION41 Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing Most common PRO: Wavelengths are 20 nm apart as a cost effective solution to DWDM CON: fiber issues prevalent and # of channels fixed Wavelengths used:

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION42 CWDM System Overview  Coarse Wavelength division Multiplexing for metro network –Multiplexing a given number of channels: From 4 to 18 channels as per ITU-T G –In a limited environment: Distance range (<80km). No need for amplifiers, CD compensators… –Over a wide wavelength range ( nm) new fibers available (All Wave …). First step, use of nm –With a wide channel spacing (20nm) low cost components: Uncooled lasers, broad filters…

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION43 Wavelength Allocation  The nominal wavelength grid supporting CWDM systems has been defined by the ITU-T G recommendation. It shows up a large wavelength range coverage (from 1271 to 1611nm) with a 20nm spacing. O-BandE-BandS-BandC- Band L-Band Water Peak Wavelength (nm) Attenuation (dB)

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION44 CWDM cost constraints  Central wavelength and drift tolerance –Lasers used for CWDM systems are directly modulated Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers with bit rates of up to 2.5 Gb/s. –Relaxed specifications for Central wavelength accuracy + wavelength drift over system lifetime. Wide spacing of CWDM allows for a central wavelength to drift by as much as +/- 6.5 nm  MUX/DEMUX –CWDM transmission, with 20 nm channel spacing, allow using filters with reduced technical constraints compare to DWDM, driving the cost dramatically down.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION45 Channel/Wavelength turn-up (Alt. 2)  Optical channel verification according to the CWDM ITU-T G grid over the full wavelength range.  Provide wavelength and power level measurements. test Mux 1551nm 1271nm 1291nm 1591nm 1611nm Tx test test Mux 1551nm 1271nm 1291nm 1591nm 1611nm Tx test T-BERD 4000 OCC-4055 module used for transmission wavelength verification Handheld OCC-55 used for transmission wavelength verification

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION46 CWDM Channel/Wavelength Provisioning  Test new wavelength route not yet in use  Make sure wavelength goes through  In-service test when other wavelengths already active –OTDR test without disturbing current traffic –Reliable OTDR test taking other wavelength powers into account CWDM OTDR 1551nm testing Fiber Network Mux 1511nm 1531nm 1551nm 1471nm 1491nm 1591nm 1611nm test-1551nm traffic test-1551nm 1311nm shot through Mux and Demux in presence of other wavelengths

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION47 Comparison between CWDM and DWDM

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION48 [nm] “C” Band “L” Band “O” Band “E” Band “S” Band “U” Band »C-Band nm to 1565nm »L-Band nm to 1625nm »U-Band nm to 1675 nm »O-Band nm to 1310nm »E-Band nm to 1460nm »S-Band nm to 1530nm Bands and Wavelengths

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION49 Dense Wave Division Multiplexing PRO: Virtually unlimited scalability of channels number and bandwidth CON: higher equipment and maintenance cost 100Ghz spacing = 0.8 nm spacing ITU Channels C band – 100 channels L band – 100 channels 50Ghz spacing = 0.4 nm spacing Therefore ITU wavelengths C band – 200 channels L band – 200 channels

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION50 Dispersion

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION51  Different Polarization States = different speeds thru fiber  The difference = Differential Group Delay (DGD)  PMD = Mean value of various DGD’s PMD – What is it ? DGD v1v1 v2v2 Fast Slow External stress !!  Values change constantly due to external stress (e.g., wind, temp, weight)  Compensation Unavailable

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION52 V1V1 V2V2 V1V1 V2V2 PMD

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION53 PMD as a function of Birefringence Stresses and Strains on the fiber changes the shape of the cladding and core. As the stresses change at various point throughout the fiber link, coupled with the polarization states constantly spinning, makes pin pointing PMD and removing the “bad” section a game of chance. Perfect Fiber Strained Fiber Fiber Strain Causes

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION54 Vector Representation of Fast axis/Slow axis

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION55 DGD vs PMD

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION56 Evolution of Dispersion testing RatePMD MaxCD Coef Max at 1550 nm Max Distance in before DCMs* OC ps ps/nm*km10625 miles OC-4840 ps18816 ps/nm*km576 miles OC ps1176 ps/nm*km36 miles 10 Gig E5.0 ps738 ps/nm*km25 miles OC ps64 ps/nm*km2.25 miles * Distances are for SMF-28 fiber. Amount of compensation varies dramatically with different fiber types introduced into a network.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION57 Dispersion Testing Timeline  1980 – PMD and CD testing not widely performed outside of the lab  1985 – PMD purposely added to fiber to try to compensate for CD  OC-48 rollout begins and PMD testing and CD testing begins in different areas  – companies consolidate with other companies with different fiber types.  2002 – OC-192 rollout begins and PMD and CD testing performed more widespread.  2005 – 10 GigE rolled out over SONET. PMD and CD testing continues on links some mandated by SLAs  2009 – OC-768 rollout begins.

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION58 Chromatic Dispersion – What is it ? Pulse spreading  Different wavelengths = different speeds thru fiber  Value doesn’t change (ps/nm.km)  Can be compensated using DCMs  Over compensating just as dangerous as under compensating Input Pulse Output Pulse

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION59 Chromatic Dispersion distance calculation For a 10Gbs network on SMF-28 fiber the max distance before adding DCM is 61 km. When stepping to a 40Gbs system, the max distance is 3.8 km

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION60 Attenuation Profile (AP)  Characterizes fiber for Wavelength Dependent Loss  Indicates where engineers efficiently place Optical Amplifiers adding to cost savings  Allows for intelligent planning of CWDM wavelengths

© 2007 JDSU. All rights reserved.JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION61 Questions John Swienton Office: Cell: