Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance Pg. 314-320 Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance Pg. 314-320

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Rebirth of antiquity – Greco-Roman civilization Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) Portrayed Italy as the birthplace of the modern world Urban Society City-states dominated political, economic, & social life Age of Recovery Effects of Black Death, political disorder, economic recession Emphasis on individual ability New social ideal of a well rounded or universal person Wealthy upper class, not a mass movement

Possible Test Question The Italian Renaissance was primarily a mass movement of the peasants. characterized by a preoccupation with religion. a product of rural Italy. a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture. a religious reform movement.

Possible Test Question According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization. a period of moral decline. An era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government. A continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages. A distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Italian cities lose economic supremacy Lost their advantage due to the plague Hanseatic League Commercial organization of German Towns Manufacturing Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy (firearms) Banking Florence and the Medici Patron to the arts

Possible Test Question The Medici controlled the finances of the Italian city-state of Venice Rome Milan Florence Naples

Possible Test Question What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany? Delian League Prussian Confederation Baltic League League of German Cities Hanseatic League

Possible Test Question Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were fireworks and glass making. mill construction and hydraulics. mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms. Optical instruments and lens grinding. The use of the vault and the arch.

Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility (2nd Estate) Reconstruction of the aristocracy Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population Pursued education to maintain role in government Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) The Book of the Courtier (1528) Impeccable character, grace, talents and noble birth Achievements such as military and bodily exercises Classical education, well versed in the arts Service to the prince Ideal of a well developed personality became the social ideal for the aristocracy

Possible Test Question Castiglione’s The Courtier was a primer on military training for nobles. very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personality expected of Renaissance aristocrats. sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life. treatise against active participation in public life. work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.

Possible Test Question The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals. a mass movement in which all sections of society participated and contributed. a narrow religious movement directed almost entirely by clerics. a political movement in essence controlled mainly by kings. Foreign inspiration and influence, particularly from Islamic Spain.

Peasants and Townspeople Peasants (3rd Estate) Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society – hierarchy of 3rd Estate Patricians – wealth from trade, industry, banking Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen The poor and unemployed (30-40% of urban pop.) Slaves Black Death caused a shortage of workers Slavery declined by the end of the 15th century

Possible Test Question The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was predominately urban essentially free from the manorial system, especially in eastern Europe. relatively free from violence and disease in urban areas. overwhelmingly made up of peasants. made up of clergy and nobles.

Possible Test Question The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of continued warfare and the capture of foreign prisoners. the shortage of labor created by the Black Death. papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship with pagans. movements for Italian naval domination of the Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower. the importation of slaves from Africa.

Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Husbands and Wives Arranged Marriages Size of dowry depended on status Husband head of household Had to legally free kids or emancipate them Wife managed household Had lots of babies! Children Childbirth Approx. 10% of mothers died 50% of children didn’t reach the age of 20 Sexual Norms Aristocratic men had affairs quite often Prostitution was seen as a necessary vice

Possible Test Question Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy? Young men asked women for their hand in marriage, after a lengthy courtship. Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses. Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances. Men and women waited longer to get married than in the Middle Ages. Men and women married earlier than in the Middle Ages because of increased economic opportunities.

The Italian States in the Renaissance Five Major Powers Milan Francesco Sforza Venice Florence Cosimo Medici (1434-1464) Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) The Papal States Looked to regain control over Urbino, Bologna, & Ferrara Kingdom of Naples

Italian States Cont’d Independent City-States The Role of Women Mantua Vittorino da Feltre Ferrara Governend by the D’Este family Urbino Federigo da Montefeltro Wife was Battista Sforza, niece of Francesco Sforza The Role of Women Battista Sforza governed Urbino when her husband was gone Naples was strongly influenced by Isabella d’Este Helped rule Mantua before & after her husband’s death

Italian States Cont’d Warfare in Italy Balance of power between city states existed Until Ludovico Sforza invited French to intervene in Italian polics Other states turned to Spain for help Struggle between France and Spain Charles VIII of France vs. Ferdinand of Aragon After 1510, Francis I of France vs. Charles I of Spain Charles I sacked Rome in 1527 ending the Italian wars Invasion and division Still only a slight sense of Italian nationalism Italy will not be a unified nation until 1870

Possible Test Question By the fifteenth century, Italy was a centralized state. dominated by the Papal States exclusively. the foremost European power. dominated by five major regional independent powers. made up of hundreds of independent city-states.

Possible Test Question Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling women was Battista Sforza. Isabella d’Este. Christina of Milan. Catherine de Medici. Christine de Pizan.

Possible Test Question Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince. an outspoken advocate of Italian unification. a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the papacy. strictly opposed to the proliferation of condottieri in Italy. a pious subject of the papacy.

Possible Test Question The Peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what key Italian Renaissance political concept? rule through intimidation peace at any price a balance of power between multiple, competing territorial states the useless nature of paper treaties the inevitability of war and violence

Map 12.1: Renaissance Italy

The Birth of Modern Diplomacy Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy Ambassador used to be a servant of Christendom Changing concept of the ambassador Resident ambassadors Agents of the territorial state

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) The Prince (1513) Realistic examination political rule Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power Prince should act on behalf of the state, not his conscience Cesare Borgia Pope Alexander VI son Perfect model for the The Prince

Possible Test Question Machiavelli’s ideas as expressed in the The Prince achieve a model for a republican state in Italy. a new attitude of moral responsibility among politicians. a modern secular concept of power politics. a deeply religious conception of the religious sanctity of the state. the justification of divine right monarchy.

Italian Renaissance Humanism Classical Revival Petrarch (1304 – 1374) Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) New Cicero Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457) Humanism and Philosophy Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) Translates Plato’s dialogues Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism Renaissance Hermeticism Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man

Education, History, and the Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music Education of women Aim of education was to create a complete citizen Humanism and History Secularization Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The spread of printing

Art in the Early Renaissance Masaccio (1401 – 1428) Perspective and Organization Movement and Anatomical Structure Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475) The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510) Primavera Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) The Cathedral of Florernce Church of San Lorenzo

Masaccio, Tribute Money

The Artistic High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Last Supper Raphael (1483 – 1520) School of Athens Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) The Sistine Chapel

Raphael, School of Athens

The Artist and Social Status Early Renaissance Artists as craftsmen High Renaissance Artists as heroes

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) Adoration of the Magi

Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Music in the Renaissance Burgundy Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474) The Renaissance Madrigal

The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe France Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) England War of the Roses Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews

Map 12.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

Map 12.3: The Iberian Peninsula

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Hungary Russia The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe

The Church in the Renaissance The Problems of Heresy and Reform John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy John Hus (1374 – 1415) Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Church Councils The Papacy The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513) “Warrior Pope” Nepotism Patrons of Culture Leo X (1513 – 1521)

Discussion Questions Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from the Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval Period? What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? How did the printing press change European society? What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? What was the relation between art and politics in Renaissance Italy? How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?

Web Links Renaissance Secrets Explore Leonardo’s Studio Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn Renaissance – Focus on Florence The Uffizi Gallery – Florence Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel Gutenberg.de The War of the Roses The Ottoman Website