CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Distinguish between straightforward and staged manipulations of an independent variable Describe the three types of dependent variables Self-report Behavioral physiological © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Discuss sensitivity of a dependent variable, contrasting floor effects and ceiling effects Describe ways to control participant expectations and experimenter expectations List the reasons for conducting pilot studies Describe the advantages of including a manipulation check in an experiment © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Samples May Be Drawn From the Population Using: Probability sampling Nonprobability sampling Sampling must assure external validity to generalize to other populations Determine the Sample Size Larger samples provide more accurate estimates of population values © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Setting the Stage Types of Manipulations Straightforward manipulations Staged manipulations Use of a confederate or accomplice Strength of Manipulation Does the study maintain external validity? Cost of the Manipulation © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Types of Measures Self-report measures Behavioral measures Physiological measures Galvanic skin response (GSR) Electromyogram (EMG) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional MRI (fMRI) © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. MEASURING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Sensitivity of the Dependent Variable Ceiling effect Floor effect Multiple Dependent Measures Cost Measures Ethics © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. MEASURING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Controlling for Participant Expectations Demand characteristics Using unrelated filler items on a questionnaire Placebo groups Can control through the use of placebo effect Used to assure external validity is maintained © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Controlling for Experimenter Expectations Experimenter bias or expectancy effects Research on expectancy effects Solutions to the expectancy problem Single-blind experiment Double-blind experiment © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Research Proposals Pilot Studies Manipulation Checks Debriefing © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Statistical Analysis of the Data Examine and Interpret the Pattern of Results Decide whether there really is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Journal Articles Peer Review As many as 90% of papers submitted to the more prestigious journals are rejected Professional Meetings © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.