1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 46

2 Reminder The midterm exam is scheduled for February 13 th (Part A: multiple choice questions) and February 15 th (Part B: short answer questions)

3 Announcements 1. I will hold additional office hours in preparation for the February exam: Wednesday, February 8 th : 1:00-3:00 Friday, February 10 th : 11:30-12:30, 2:30-4:30

4 2. It is Outweek at UBC. As part of Outweek, the Rainbow flag will be raised today at 12:00 PM at the Flagpole Plaza, between the Student Union Building and Brock Hall. For more information on Outweek, please visit

5 Office Hour Invitations February 10 th, 11:30-12:30 Kenny

6 Education, Careers and Work 2. How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour? 1. What sex differences in education have been found in other countries?

7 2. review recommendations to increase educational opportunities for females in developing countries. 1. discuss the social benefits associated with educating females in developing countries. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

8 4. explain the phenomenon of “deviance neutralization.” 3. describe contemporary employment rates and domestic labour contributions among females and males.

9 What sex differences in education have been found in other countries? Although females and males have similar access to education in industrialized countries, large sex differences in access exist in other countries.

10 It is estimated that, worldwide, 75 million fewer girls attend school than boys (Smith, 2006). The greatest sex disparities in educational access and attainment are found in the sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific (UNICEF, 2003; UN Children’s Fund, 2007).

CountryRatio of Girls to Boys Afghanistan45.6 Bangladesh104.7 Bulgaria97.5 Cambodia83.9 Canada99.8 Ethiopia69.0 Ghana88.6 India78.6 Iraq76.3 Morocco85.1 Nicaragua105.3 Nigeria80.0 United States100.4 Yemen Ratio of Girls to Boys Enrolled in Primary and Secondary Education Around the World (World Bank, 2002)

CountryPercent Female Argentina59 Australia54 Canada56 Ethiopia26 India39 Iran49 Israel56 Japan45 Kenya34 Morocco44 Russia57 Saudi Arabia58 Turkey41 United States56 Vietnam42 12 Percentage of All College and University Students Who are Female Across the World (United Nations, 2005)

13 Many societal benefits arise from the education of females (e.g., healthier offspring, reduced gender inequality). The UN Children’s Fund (2007) suggests the following strategies to enhance educational access for females across the globe:

14 1. Build more schools, especially in rural areas. 2. Lower costs of educating children. 3. Teach parents about the importance of educating girls. 4. Provide programs to prevent teenage pregnancy. 5. Encourage teen mothers to stay in school. 6. Attach day-care centres to schools. 7. Recruit more female teachers.

15 How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour? Over the past several decades, women’s participation in the paid labour force has increased steadily. Today, women comprise 48% of the Canadian labour force (Statistics Canada, 2010). 66% of these women have children under the age of 3.

16 Women and Men as a Percentage of Total Employment (Almey, 2006; Statistics Canada, 2010) Percentage of Total Employment

17 Percentage of Women with Children Under the Age of Three Who Are Employed (Almey, 2006) Percentage of Total Employment

18 Nevertheless, it remains the case that:  females are more likely than males to be employed in part-time positions: 70% of part-time workers are female (Almey, 2006).  females are less likely than males to be employed: 58% of Canadian women vs. 68% of Canadian men are employed (Almey, 2006).  few males—7%—assume the role of “househusband” (Smith, 2007).

19  occupations are segregated on the basis of sex.  females are more likely than males to perform domestic activities (e.g., housework), irrespective of their employment status.

OccupationPercent Female Accountants, auditors62 Nurses92 Teachers (non-college, non-university)73 Social workers82 Health Technicians76 Secretaries97 Household service89 Engineers14 Mathematicians, computer scientists27 Chemists, material scientists41 Mechanics9 Construction9 Firefighter5 Police, detectives23 20 Percent Women in Various Occupations (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2008)

21 Proportion of Household Labour Wife’s Economic Dependence (-1=High, 1=Low) Proportion of Household Labour Performed as a Function of Sex and Economic Dependence (Greenstein, 2000)

22 “Breadwinner” wives do more domestic work than wives who earn salaries similar to their husbands. Economically-dependent husbands do less domestic work than husbands who earn salaries similar to their wives. Explanation: Deviance neutralization (Greenstein, 2000).

23 Education, Careers and Work 2. How do females and males divide occupational and domestic labour? 1. What sex differences in education have been found in other countries?