Chapter 12 The North

Essential Questions How did the Industrial Revolution transform the way goods were produced? How did new forms of transportation improve business, travel, and communication?

I. The Industrial Revolution Beginning of 1700s, most people were farmers and made goods by hand – changed by mid 1700s Industrial Revolution: a period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing and production – Textiles:

New Machines and Processes British Parliament made it illegal for machine plans to leave country Samuel Slater: British mechanic who memorized every detail of textile mill machines – 1793 opened first mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

A Manufacturing Breakthrough Technology: tools used to produce items or to do work Eli Whitney: 1798 – made muskets for the U.S. Army using interchangeable parts – parts of a machine that are identical Mass Production:

Manufacturing Grows Slowly Grew slowly because most people chose to own a farm, instead of working for low wages – British goods were cheaper War of 1812:

II. Changes in Working Life Workers no longer needed specific skills of crafts people to run machines – “unskilled” Rhode Island System: Chance to work in a factory to earn money and learn a new skill Lowell System: Francis Cabot Lowell – 1814 – Water powered mills that hired young, unmarried women – Long work days (14 hours)

Workers Organize Factories produced goods quickly, but workers not paid well 1840’s immigrants willing to work for less Trade Unions: groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions Strikes:

III. Transportation Revolution Transportation Revolution: period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel – Steamboat: Robert Fulton – 1807 – could move upriver and did not rely on wind power – Gibbons v. Ogden – 1824 – Supreme Court reinforced federal power to regulate trade between states – Railroads: 1830 – 1860 –

Transportation Revolution Changes Goods could get to distant markets Population growth – Cities grow Coal replaced wood as source of power Lumber and logging - deforestation

IV. More Technological Advances 1832 – Samuel Morse perfects telegraph: a device that could send information over wires across great distances – “Morse Code” Steam power grows

Farm and Home Changes 1831 – Cyrus McCormick develops the mechanical reaper to cut wheat quicker Isaac Singer improves sewing machine