…not the study of telephones! Chapter 4: Phonology… …not the study of telephones! NOTES: The slides/lecture/discussion for this chapter deviate from the order of the book… You WILL need to read, you decide to read early, late or both… About exercising: it keeps you healthy: physically & mentally…

Kinds of Sound Change Assimilation (become more alike) Nasalization Voicing Flapping Dissimilation (become less alike) Metathesis (shift sounds around) Epenthesis // Intrusion (add a sound) Other Elision // Deletion (take a sound away) Vowel Reduction (shorten or ‘schwa’ a sound) The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion. One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

Kinds of Sound Change The book does a great job of discussing the kinds of sound change. Look at these sections in the text again and try to guess at one or more examples where these types of changes have taken place in English. Bring your findings to Chat or Discussion. One additional note… The first four types of change listed here fall under the “ease of articulation” category which is one cause for sound change as we will see on the next slide.

Sound Safari Find example words for one subcategory of each type of sound change in the previous slide Hand me the examples highlighting IPA for “careful” vs. “fast-casual” speech Explanation of the change in terms of natural classes Answer: Is the created sound always allophonic, or sometimes phonemic

Phonemes Formal Definition: Sounds that are heard distinctively by native speakers of a language Dave’s Translation: Sound that make meaningful differences in a language

1, 2, 3, &/or 4 test for phonological awareness? What word do you get… …if you delete the first sound of: Do sounds 1, 2, 3, &/or 4 test for phonological awareness?

On Being Distinctive AKA Contrastive … AKA Phonemic Minimal pairs You tell me: Standard spelling for each of the above… More minimal pairs…

What’s This?

Allophones Formal Definition: Sounds that are NOT heard distinctively by native speakers of a language Dave’s Translation: Sounds that DO NOT make meaningful differences in a language

Aspiration Hold a paper in front of your mouth Say “pot” and “poke” Then “spot” and “spoke” Does the paper move differently?

Phonemes & Allophones - Allophones (in English) (sit, sing) Minimal Pairs  phonemic distinction - Allophones (in English) (sit, sing) Phonetically distinct, phonologically same Complementary distribution

Other Language: Phonemic or allophonic?

Phonological Principles Ideal vs. Realization Largely subconscious Universals exist Rule governed Rules can be formalized Rules can be generalized Rules must be ordered…

To Formalize Phoneme –Allophone Illustration Underlying form Surface form

Phonological Rule

Explain the Rule… What type of change is this?

A becomes B when it comes between C and C In Simpler Words A  B / C __ D A becomes B when it comes between C and C We typically use features for A, B, C and D… For shorthand we may sometimes use segments instead…

Rules & Allophones

Get Some Exercise Yes, [h] and [?] are phonemic. Both appear at the beginning & between vowels…

…before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…) Any Questions… …before we move on? (…breathe, stretch, move around…)

Natural Classes Sounds that share feature(s) and behave similarly in phonology Consonants Stop - Stop Voice - Voice Vowels High - High Back - Back

Natural Classes: Exercise

Natural Classes: Answers Challenge: Find the rest… (there are at least 12)

Get Some Exercise

More Exercise…

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Phonological Units

Features The atoms of phonology Building blocks of sound Key to understanding (most) variation Binary distinction (+/-) You’ve either got it, or you don’t…

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Possible English Words?

Syllable Book’s Definition: Dave’s Interpretation: A unit of linguistic structure that consists of a syllabic element and any segments that are associated with it Dave’s Interpretation: A potentially independent group of sounds that sticks closely together

Syllabic Recipe sprint NOTE: Only the Nucleus is required… σ Onset (O) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N) Coda (Co) NOTE: Only the Nucleus is required…

Sequence Constraints (Phonotactic Constraints) Formal Definition: The set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern Dave’s Interpretation: Rules on which sounds can be next to each other (≈ in a syllable)

Sequence Constraints Different languages = Different rules English V, VC, CV, CVC, CCV, etc… Spanish Onset = [sk], [st], [sp] Japanese “C” as coda, except [n] Explain Spanish or Japanese constraints in terms of natural classes…

… about syllable constraints in another language? Whaddya Know… … about syllable constraints in another language?

Don’t Get Stressed Out… Primary and Secondary Stress Separate Words = Separate Stress Whíte hóuse Single Concept = Related Stress Whíte Hòuse Multi-syllable words Stress varies http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/tn24/wordstress/wstresstext.html

Syllablabic Interventions…

Sentence Level Stress Stress Content Words Not function words N, V, Adj, Adv Not function words Det, Aux Vs, Conj’s, Pronouns, Prepositions

Any Questions… …before we move on?

Try It: The Plural Suffix Orthography: -s or -es Phonetic: Sort the following phonetically: tack, tag, torch, cough, cup, dish, dress, grave, graph, hat, house, hunch, judge, lad, lash, lathe, maze, room, tax, thing Why? (i.e. What are the rules?) On a piece of paper, sort the words on the slide into their sound categories: [-s], [-z] or [-z]. Be careful, the spelling alone won’t be enough to allow you to separate them. Bring your list to Discussion or Chat.

tack tag torch cough grave dish cup lad dress graph lathe house hat room hunch thing judge lash maze tax

3 Rules

Plural Rules:

…before we move on? …only two slides left… Any Questions… …before we move on? …only two slides left…

Cross-linguistic Variation

For “Tomorrow” Quiz Exercises Yes, they’re a good idea… 4-1, 4, 8, 15 Teacher-focused, but also good: 4-18, 19, 20, 22