World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 9 Christian Europe Emerges, 300 - 1200 C.E.

Objectives Understand the political and economic development of Western Europe during the medieval period and be able to undertake a critical analysis of the term “feudalism.” Be able to explain the development and the significance of Roman Catholic dogma, the hierarchical system of the Roman church, and the monastic movement. Be able to compare the medieval Western society, politics, culture, and religion with those of the Byzantine Empire. Understand the respective roles of the Varangians, Vladimer I, and the Byzantine Empire in the rise of the Kievan state. Be able to discuss the possible causes of the European recovery of 1000-1200. Be able to explain the causes of the Crusades and discuss their consequences in Europe and the Middle East.

Early Medieval Europe Roman Decline - 5th century Germanic Kingdoms legal framework disappears rise of Germanic traditions family-based law political fragmentation loss of allegiance rise of local strongmen weak dependence on strong Germanic Kingdoms Franks, Visigoths, Lombards Saxons and Angles competition for bishop of Rome Latin - priests and monks Linguistic zones Romance, Germanic, Slavic

Early Medieval Europe Defending Medieval Europe Arabs / Berbers in Spain - 711 Tours, France - 732 Charles Martel - Carolingian Charlemagne - 800 Roman Emperor Vikings - 8th - 9th centuries Scandinavian coastal towns Iceland, Greenland, Vinland William the Conqueror Normandy Invasion - 1066 Angles-Saxons

Early Medieval Europe Economy urban to village base bartering replaces coin currency trade languishes local self-sufficiency manors primary agricultural centers lords and serfs work for protection varied from region to region literacy replaced by ‘small traditions’

Early Medieval Society Mounted Horsemen stirrups; body armor heavy, grain-fed horses hereditary nobility fief vassals knighthood limited to land revenue Noblewomen own and inherit property administer husband’s estate enmeshed in feudal obligations valued property no choice in marriage

The Western Church European Jurisdiction Challenges Structure West: Pope (papacy) East: Patriarch of Constantinople Challenges disagreement over regulations clergy marriage pagan worship trained clergy Structure patriarchates - 5 Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria appoint bishops; church rules penitentials guide for penance of sins

The Western Church Holy Trinity Jesus, God, Holy Trinity heresy Mary’s relationship precise form of sacraments iconic images heresy schism Monophysite doctrine - E divinity of Jesus Christ Arianism - W Jesus as lesser divinity orthopraxy correct practices orthodoxy correct beliefs

Politics and Church Holy Roman Empire - 962 Debate 3 legal traditions confederation of German princes represent Christian interests Debate investiture controversy who appoints bishops popes versus emperors Emperor’s weapon deposition Pope’s weapon excommunication 3 legal traditions Germanic custom (feudal law) Christian (canon law) Roman law

Monasticism Monasticism Most Important Impact celibacy and obedience; poverty living apart from society devotion to prayer Most Important Impact communal living and prayer monks or nuns regular versus secular clergy Rule of Benedict Separation of church / state Features literacy and silence reshaping of Roman society

Byzantine Empire Roman Empire - 300 CE Legacy continued pattern of Roman rule caesaropapism the imperial with the papal all-powerful Christian monarchs prevented breakup of empire Legacy Corpus Juris Civilis Justinian - 527 - 565 CE basis for civil law in the West Architectural Hagia Sophia Writing Cyrillic

Byzantine Empire Decline - 1200 CE military weakness Western Europe Sasanids, Huns, Goths 300 years with Persia Muslims - 2/3 of empire 7th century on Western Europe schism between East and West formal disagreements over church doctrine sack of Constantinople - 1204

Society and Urban Life Economic Transformation - 700 barter replaces money decline in population / prosperity local urban class disappears family power rivals office holders technological development decreased steadily over time Women increasingly confined to home veils; socialized with family 1204 - 1453 loss in prestige to the West loss of most valuable provinces

Kievan Russia Kiev Vladimir I Trade Kiev and Novgorod Black Sea trade with Byzantine Vladimir I grand prince in 980 chose Orthodox Christianity grandness of Constantinople Islam banned alcohol marriage of convenience Trade key to political power

Western Europe Revives 1000-1200 CE Technological Improvements draft harness horse as primary draft animal breeding of larger horses coulter blade plow shift from subsistence farming money-based exchange economy doubling of population Italy and Flanders manufacturing and trade freedom for serfs in cities independent of feudal lords abundant coinage from trade

The Crusades Crusades - 1100-1200 CE Muslim control four centuries designed to recapture Jerusalem Christian pilgrims protected Battle of Manzikert - 1071 religiously motivated Pope atonement of sins increase trade and land Italian merchants; young knights Council of Clermont - 1095 Pope Urban II call for First Crusade