World History II SOL Review Industrial Revolution – Russian Revolution

Industrial Revolution Where – began in England because of its natural resources like coal and iron and the invention of the steam engine then spread to Europe and the U.S. Enclosure Movement – fence in common fields to use land for raising sheep or mass producing food – puts small farmers out of business Inventions – spinning jenny, steam engine (Watt), cotton gin (Whitney), process for making steel (Bessemer), smallpox vaccine (Jenner), and rabies vaccine (Pasteur)

Industrial Revolution Population – increased (more food, better medicine, and healthier diets) Standard of Living – increased (products became more affordable – machine made) Working Conditions – long hours, dangerous, low pay, etc… + preferred women and children (pay them less) Labor Unions – increase pay and improve working conditions + bargain with employers

Industrial Revolution Urbanization – movement of people to cities (crowded and unsanitary conditions) Environment – pollution Transportation – faster (railroad and steamboat) Women – increased demands for suffrage (right to vote) Children – expansion of education

Economic Theories - Capitalism Adam Smith – wrote Wealth of Nations Laissez-faire economics – government does not interfere in the economy Laws of supply and demand Competition Private ownership

Economic Theories - Socialism Government owns and operates major industries and small farms and businesses are privately owned

Economic Theories - Communism Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto Response to the injustices of capitalism (some people are poor while some are rich) Redistribute wealth Government owns and operates everything

Imperialism Definition - the domination by one country of the political, cultural, or economic life of another country Colonies – most expensive + most control (ex. India was a colony of Great Britain) Protectorates – leave local rulers in place but tell them what to do (ex. Egypt was a protectorate of Great Britain)

Imperialism Spheres of Influence - an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges + least restrictive (Ex. China) America opened trade with Japan (gifts of technology) Missionaries – Christianize the people of Africa and Asia Suez Canal – shortcut between Europe and Asia Industrial Revolution – created a new need for markets and raw materials

Imperialism Armed Conflicts – Boxer Rebellion + Opium War, etc…

World War I - Causes Militarism - European countries competed with one another to see which one could have the best army and navy Alliances – Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (France, Britain, and Russia) Imperialism – competition for colonies Nationalism – people of the same ethnic background want a homeland

World War I - Events Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand – spark that started the war U.S. enters the war (1917) – unrestricted submarine warfare and Zimmerman note Russia exits the war (1917) – Russian Revolution

World War I – Major Leaders Woodrow Wilson – President of the U.S. (Fourteen Points/League of Nations) Kaiser Wilhelm II – leader of Germany

World War I – Outcomes Colonies participated in the war – increased demands for independence (ex. India wanted independence from Great Britain) End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian Empires Lots of destruction, lives lost, and social disruption Treaty of Versailles – forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory + pay reparations + limited German military

World War I – League of Nations Peacekeeping organization established to prevent future wars Failed organization – could not enforce its decisions U.S. never joined League of Nations (isolated) – did not sign Treaty of Versailles

World War I – Mandate System France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East Divided Ottoman Empire into new countries (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Palestine) British controlled Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan & France controlled Syria and Lebanon

Russian Revolution - Causes Defeat in war with Japan in 1905 Landless peasantry Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II (absolute monarchy) Losing in World War I

Russian Revolution - Lenin Led the Russian Revolution New Economic Policy – goal (improve Russia’s economy) – socialism (meant to be temporary)

Russian Revolution - Stalin Five Year Plan – goal (make Soviet Union a modern industrial power) – command economy (government controls everything) – production improved while standard of living remained poor Collectivization of Farms – no more private ownership – government farms or collectives (work as a group) - did not improve farm output (grain production grew slightly while meat, vegetables, and fruits remained in short supply) Secret Police + Great Purge (destroy enemies)