NINETEENTH CENTURY IDEAS

CONSERVATISM: Desire to maintain the status quo; opposed to changing the existing political system; support for a strong monarchy the rights of the aristocracy, and the authority of the Church. Criticized the ideas of the Enlightenment. Decried reliance on reason and appealed to tradition and history. Criticized the concentration on the individual and emphasized the importance of society

CONSERVATISM A. EDMUND BURKE ( ): British politician and political philosopher; Whig, supported American colonists; wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) - attack on the principles of the Revolution, including the violence, arbitrariness, and radical destructiveness; became a handbook for conservatives; he saw government as a contract between the past, present, and future.

CONSERVATISM B. PRINCE KLEMES VON METTERNICH ( ): Foreign Minister of Austria ( ) and Chancellor ( ); responsible for the establishment of Austria's central position in the 19th- century balance of power in Europe. He believed that enlightened but decisive government was required to prevent revolution.

CONSERVATISM PRINCE KLEMES VON METTERNICH Promoted legitimacy, compensation, and the encirclement of France to prevent future French aggression. He became a symbol of repression and a leading target of the Revolutions of 1848, which drove him from office. "I was a rock of order, '' he said shortly before his death on June 11, 1859.

REACTIONARIES Desire to turn back the clock to the way things used to be

NATIONALISM The sense of unity and common identity felt by people who share the same history, language, and culture. Modern nationalism was born during the French Revolution.

LIBERALISM A. GOALS AND BELIEFS: Favored private ownership of property, self- government, economic freedom, educational opportunity, constitutions which limited the power of government, representative parliaments, guarantees of natural rights

LIBERALISM B. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM: Adam Smith was a proponent of the free enterprise system; father of classical economics. Held the belief that businesses would produce the greatest amount of good and services when capitalists were allowed to operate with the least interference from government --> laissez-faire

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM Adam Smith: Proponent of the free enterprise system; father of classical economics. Held the belief that businesses would produce the greatest amount of goods and services when capitalists were allowed to operate with the least interference from government = laissez faire

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM Thomas Malthus: Theory that population growth was geometric whereas the growth of the food supply was arithmetic: since population demands would outstrip the ability to produce food, poverty and human misery were unavoidable.

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM David Ricardo: Applied Malthus’ theory to wages; “Iron Law of Wages”

RADICAL LIBERALS Goals and Beliefs: Favored reorganization of the courts, relief for the poor, universal manhood suffrage ( a few off-the-wall radicals even wanted votes for women

RADICAL LIBERALS Jeremy Bentham: Father of Utilitarianism; the measure of usefulness was the standard by which to judge a society and its government. Favored democracy. Public problems should be dealt with rationally based on the premise of “the greatest good for the greatest number”

RADICAL LIBERALS John Stuart Mill: Benthamite; essay On Liberty sought to protect the rights of individuals and minorities as the electorate expanded: opposed to tyranny of the majority; famous quote:” That government is best that governs least.”

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Attempt to establish model communities; belief that under existing economic system there was too much emphasis on the production of goods and too little on their distribution; proposed to replace the self-seeking individualism of capitalism with cooperation and mutual respect; believed with Rousseau that man was naturally good so that once the environment was changed all would be sweetness and light; believed that it was the duty of government to be responsible for the material welfare of its citizens.

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Robert Owen: British reformer who favored cooperatives and unions to protect workers; built a model community at New Lanark in Scotland and New Harmony in Indiana

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Henri de Saint-Simon: French reformer who proposed a cooperative commonwealth based on a hierarchy of classes; the goal was improvement in material conditions and the moral and intellectual regeneration of the lowest classes

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Charles Fourier: French; said the actions of men are governed by passions; he proposed the establishment of self-contained communities called phalanges (phalanxes) where work would be organized to make the best use of the passions

UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Louis Blanc: French; wrote The Organization of Labor. He said it is the duty of the state to guarantee the right to work and to earn a decent living

SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM Also known as Marxism, Marxist Socialism or Communism; concept of economic determinism- behavior is controlled by economic factors; advocated overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat, the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat which would eventually result in the withering away of the state

SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM A. Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto; said people should own the means of production; also wrote Das Kapital

SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM B. Friedrich Engels: German; wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England; indictment of the middle class as exploiters of the workers; industrial capitalism was to blame for the “new poverty”