IIGO IndIGO IndIGO Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations Bala Iyer Chair, IndIGO Consortium Council Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India LIGO-India Meeting, HBCSE, 19 August 2011

Gravitational wave legacy in India Two decades of Internationally recognized Indian contribution to the global effort for detecting GW on two significant fronts Seminal contributions to source modeling at RRI [Bala Iyer] and to GW data analysis at IUCAA [Sanjeev Dhurandhar] RRI: Indo-French collaboration for two decades to compute high accuracy waveforms for in-spiraling compact binaries from which the GW templates used in LIGO and Virgo are constructed. Cardiff collaboration on improved detection templates, parameter estimation, implications for Astrophysics and Cosmology IUCAA: Designing efficient data analysis algorithms involving advanced mathematical concepts.. Notable contributions include the search for binary in- spirals, hierarchical methods, coherent search with a network of detectors and the radiometric search for stochastic gravitational waves. IUCAA: Tarun Souradeep with expertise in CMB data & Planck creates bridge between CMB and GW data analysis challenges : stochastic GW background maps IUCAA under Sanjeev Dhurandhar has collaborated with most international GW detector groups and has been a member of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for a decade.

High precision experimental expertise in India TIFR [C.S. Unnikrishnan] High precision experiments and tests of weak forces – Test gravitation using most sensitive torsional balances and optical sensors. – Techniques related to precision laser spectroscopy, electronic locking, stabilization. – G.Rajalakshmi (IIA  TIFR, 3m prototype); – Suresh Doravari (IIA  LIGO, Caltech 40m/Adv LIGO) RRCAT – [S.K. Shukla on INDUS, A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT)] --UHV – [Sendhil Raja, P.K. Gupta] - Optical system design, laser based instrumentation, optical metrology, Large aperture optics, diffractive optics, micro-optic system design. – [Rijuparna Chakraborty, France  LIGO/EGO pdf?] Adaptive Optics…. IPR – [S.B. Bhatt on Aditya and Ajai Kumar] - UHV, Lasers, Control systems,.. IITM [Anil Prabhakar] and IITK [Pradeep Kumar] (EE depts) – Photonics, Fiber optics and communications – Characterization and testing of optical components and instruments for use in India..

Large experiment expertise in India Groups at BARC and RRCAT : involved in LHC – providing a variety of components and subsystems like precision magnet positioning stand jacks, superconducting correcting magnets, quench heater protection supplies and skilled manpower support for magnetic tests and measurement and help in commissioning LHC subsystems. Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC (may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan) IPR : Involved in ITER Support role in large volume UHV system, Control systems,…. Groups at ISRO,……. Control systems, Clean rooms, Over the last two years contacts have been made with members of the above groups to familiarize them with opportunities in a GW experiment and explore their possible participation in the proposed GW Observatory initiatives should a national mega project be funded in India on GW.

IndIGO: The Aspirations Set up a major experimental initiative in GW astronomy  MOU with ACIGA to collaborate on GW Astronomy  Two Alternatives depending on the Australian Funding decision  Partner in LIGO-Australia – Indian partnership at 15% of Australian cost with full data rights  LIGO-India – Letter from LIGO Labs with offer of LIGO-India and Requirement Document  IndIGO Consortium has worked towards getting these alternatives included in the shortlist of other National Mega Projects being considered under the forthcoming Five year plan in India. For the LIGO-India alternative, seeking a National Flagship Mega Project status to ensure requirements from the LIGO-Lab can be met in time to seek the required NSF and US govt approvals.

IndIGO: The goals and means Provide a common umbrella to initiate and expand GW related Experimental activity and train new technically skilled manpower Seek pan-Indian consolidated IndIGO membership in LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) for participation in Advanced LIGO. Create a Tier-2 data centre in IUCAA for LIGO Scientific Collaboration Deliverables and as a LSC Resource July 2011 IndIGO Consortium Application for Gravitational Wave International Committee (GWIC) Accepted.

IndIGO 3m Prototype Detector Funded by TIFR Mumbai on campus (2010)PI: C. S.Unnikrishnan ( INR 3.5cr ~.7 M$ ) Goals of the TIFR 3-m prototype interferometer (to be operational in 2014): 1)Research and Training platform 1)Research and Training platform with all the features of the advanced LIGO-like detectors, scaled down to displacement sensitivity around m, above 200 Hz. 2)The Indian research platform for features like signal recycling, DC read-out, and most importantly the use of squeezed light and noise reduction (last phase). 3)Instrument for studies on short range gravity and QED force, especially a measurement of the Casimir force in the range microns where no previous measurements exist (Rajalakshmi and Unnikrishnan, Class, Quant. Grav. 27, (2010).

LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) from India  Aug MOU between IUCAA (Sanjeev Dhurandhar) and LIGO (LSC) – GW Data Analysis Related  Proposal in preparation by Anand Sengupta to consolidate IUCAA participation in LSC to IndIGO participation in Advanced LIGO including Experimental aspects and creation of a GW 2 tier Data Center

Multi-Institutional, Multi-disciplinary Consortium (2009) 1.CMI, Chennai 2.Delhi University 3.IISER Kolkata 4.IISER Trivandrum 5.IIT Madras (EE) 6.IIT Kanpur (EE) 7.IUCAA, Pune 8.RRCAT, Indore 9.TIFR, Mumbai 10.IPR, Bhatt Others RRI Jamia Milia Islamia Tezpur Univ Nodal Institutions

IndIGO Consortium – a brief history Dec : Rana Adhikari’s visit & discussions 2009: – Australia-India S&T collaboration (Iyer & Blair) Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy – IndIGO Consortium: Reunion meeting IUCAA (Aug 9, 2009) – GW Astronomy Roadmap for India; : – Meetings at Kochi, Pune, Shanghai, Perth, Delhi to Define, Reorient and Respond to the Global (GWIC) strategies for setting up the International GW Network. – Bring together scattered Indian Experimental Expertise; Individuals & Institutions March 2011: IndIGO-I Proposal: Participation in LIGO-Australia May 2011+: LIGO-India..

The IndIGO Consortium Data Analysis & Theory 1.Sanjeev Dhurandhar IUCAA 2.Bala Iyer RRI 3.Tarun Souradeep IUCAA 4.Anand Sengupta Delhi University 5.Archana Pai IISER, Thiruvananthapuram 6.Sanjit Mitra JPL, IUCAA 7.K G Arun Chennai Math. Inst., Chennai 8.Rajesh Nayak IISER, Kolkata 9.A. Gopakumar TIFR, Mumbai 10.T R Seshadri Delhi University 11.Patrick Dasgupta Delhi University 12.Sanjay Jhingan Jamila Milia Islamia, Delhi 13.L. Sriramkumar, Phys., IIT M 14.Bhim P. Sarma Tezpur Univ. 15.Sanjay Sahay BITS, Goa 16.P Ajith Caltech, USA 17.Sukanta Bose, Wash. U., USA 18.B. S. Sathyaprakash Cardiff University, UK 19. Soumya Mohanty UTB, Brownsville, USA 20.Badri Krishnan Max Planck AEI, Germany Instrumentation & Experiment 1.C. S. Unnikrishnan TIFR, Mumbai 2.G Rajalakshmi TIFR, Mumbai 3.P.K. GuptaRRCAT, Indore 4.Sendhil RajaRRCAT, Indore 5.S.K. Shukla RRCAT, Indore 6.Raja Rao ex RRCAT, Consultant 7.Anil Prabhakar, EE, IIT M 8.Pradeep Kumar, EE, IIT K 9.Ajai Kumar IPR, Bhatt 10.S.K. Bhatt IPR, Bhatt 11.Ranjan Gupta IUCAA, Pune 12.Bhal Chandra Joshi NCRA, Pune 13.Rijuparna Chakraborty, Cote d’Azur, Grasse 14.Rana Adhikari Caltech, USA 15.Suresh Doravari Caltech, USA 16.Biplab Bhawal (ex LIGO) IndIGO Council 1.Bala Iyer ( Chair) RRI, Bangalore 2.Sanjeev Dhurandhar (Science) IUCAA, Pune 3.C. S. Unnikrishnan (Experiment) TIFR, Mumbai 4.Tarun Souradeep (Spokesperson) IUCAA, Pune

Committees: National Steering Committee: Kailash Rustagi (IIT, Mumbai) [Chair] Bala Iyer (RRI) [Coordinator] Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA) [Co-Coordinator] D.D. Bhawalkar (Quantalase, Indore)[Advisor] P.K. Kaw (IPR) Ajit Kembhavi (IUCAA) P.D. Gupta (RRCAT) J.V. Narlikar (IUCAA) G. Srinivasan International Advisory Committee Abhay Ashtekar (Penn SU)[ Chair] Rana Adhikari (LIGO, Caltech, USA) David Blair (AIGO, UWA, Australia) Adalberto Giazotto (Virgo, Italy) P.D. Gupta (Director, RRCAT, India) James Hough (GEO ; Glasgow, UK)[GWIC Chair] Kazuaki Kuroda (LCGT, Japan) Harald Lueck (GEO, Germany) Nary Man (Virgo, France) Jay Marx (LIGO, Director, USA) David McClelland (AIGO, ANU, Australia) Jesper Munch (Chair, ACIGA, Australia) B.S. Sathyaprakash (GEO, Cardiff Univ, UK) Bernard F. Schutz (GEO, Director AEI, Germany) Jean-Yves Vinet (Virgo, France) Stan Whitcomb (LIGO, Caltech, USA) IndIGO Advisory Structure Program Management Committee: C S Unnikrishnan (TIFR, Mumbai), [Chair] Bala R Iyer (RRI, Bangalore), [Coordinator] Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA, Pune) [Co-cordinator] Tarun Souradeep (IUCAA, Pune) Bhal Chandra Joshi (NCRA, Pune) P Sreekumar (ISAC, Bangalore) P K Gupta (RRCAT, Indore) S K Shukla (RRCAT, Indore) Sendhil Raja (RRCAT, Indore)]

THANK YOU

LIGO-India: Why is it a good idea? Geographical relocation Strategic for GW astronomy – Increased event rates (x2-4) by coherent analysis – Improved duty cycle – Improved Detection confidence – Improved Sky Coverage – Improved Source Location required for multi-messenger astronomy – Improved Determination of the two GW polarizations Potentially large Indian science user community in the future – Indian demographics: youth dominated – need challenges – Improved UG education system will produce a larger number of students with aspirations looking for frontline research opportunity at home. Substantial data analysis trained faculty exists in India and Large Data Analysis Center Facilities are being planned under the next five year plan for consolidated IndIGO participation in LSC for Advanced LIGO

Means… Start collaborative work on joint projects under the IUSSTF Indo-US IUCAA-Caltech joint Centre at IUCAA Indo-Jap project “Coherent multi-detector gravitational wave search using LCGT and advanced interferometers” Explore the Roadmap for EGO-IndIGO collaboration on GW and a possible MOU (Meeting on Nov 1-2,2011 at IUCAA) Explore Indian participation in LISA and space based GW detectors in the future ( ASTROD 5 meeting on July 14 – 16, 2012 at RRI)

Concluding Remarks.. Over two decades India has been involved in quality GW research and been a part of the International GW community Since 2009 Indian aspirations involve participation in a major GW experiment eventually leading to a GW detector in India The Indian Aspirations in GW research are represented by the IndIGO Consortium With help from the International GW community, IndIGO has made significant progress to integrate into the GWIC road map towards the setting up of a Global GW detector network IndIGO has concrete plans as outlined in the presentation to increase participation in GW research in the coming years. By becoming a member of GWIC, IndIGO can contribute more effectively in the future towards the GWIC agenda to detect GW and leading on to establish Gravitational wave Astronomy..

GW Research in India (Pre IndIGO: ) Regular International Collaboration with GW groups in Australia, France, Germany, UK, Japan since 1990 September 1990: Interferometric Gravity wave Detector: Phase I: Developmental work and Experiments, A proposal by IUCAA, Pune [S.V. Dhurandhar, N.K. Dadhich, J.V. Narlikar, S.N. Tandon] and CAT, Indore [P.K. Gupta, A.S. Raja Rao, D.D. Bhawalkar] 1.25 cr, Staffing 21 Phase II: 100 m Detector : 13 crores, Staffing 51 December 1995: Design of the Vacuum system for AIGO 500 ( CAT/95-16, Indore) [A.S. Raja Rao] International GW Collaborative Projects 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995 IUCAA- UWA Informal Collaboration [Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and David Blair (UWA) and David McClelland (ANU)] Indo-French Project: Modelling of non-linear effects in high power optical cavities of laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Laboratoire de l'Accelerateur, Orsay] 2000 – 2004 Indo-French Project: Gravitational wave data analysis for laser interferometer space antenna [ S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Jean-Yves Vinet (Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, Nice)] 2003 – 2007 Indo-French Project: Gravitational Waves from Neutron Star Binaries, [Bala Iyer (RRI) and Luc Blanchet (IAP) ] Indo-French Project: Physical and mathematical modeling of LISA mission [S.V. Dhurandhar (IUCAA) and Bertrand Chauvineau (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice)] Indo-French Project: Systematic effects in CMB of ESA’s Satellite “PLANCK” [Tarun Souradeep (IUCAA) and François R. Bouchet (Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris)] Indo-French Project: High accuracy gravitational waves from black hole binaries [Bala Iyer (RRI) with Luc Blanchet (IAP), Guillaume Faye (IAP) ] DST-JSPS Indo-Japanese Collaboration Coincident vs Coherent multi-detector strategies for inspiralling binaries [ Sanjeev Dhurandhar (IUCAA), Nobuyuki Kanda (Osaka University) and Hideyuki Tagoshi, (Osaka University)]

IndIGO Consortium – Milestones Late 2007 : Rana Adhikari’s visit & discussions 2009: – Australia-India S&T collaboration Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy Establishing Australia-India collaboration in GW Astronomy – IndIGO Consortium: Reunion meeting IUCAA – GW Astronomy Roadmap for India; : – Meetings at Kochi, Pune, Shanghai, Perth, Delhi to Define, Reorient and Respond to the Global (GWIC) strategies for setting up the International GW Network. – Bring together scattered Indian Experimental Expertise; Individuals & Institutions March 2011: IndIGO-I Proposal: Participation in LIGO-Australia May 2011+: LIGO-India..

Indian Gravitational wave community strengths Very good students and post-docs produced who have become.. * Leaders in GW research abroad [Sathyaprakash, Bose, Mohanty] (3) *New faculty at premier institutions in India (6) [Gopakumar, Archana Pai, Rajesh Nayak, Anand Sengupta, K.G. Arun, Sanjit Mitra, P. Ajith?] Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy in the Global detector network where broad international collaboration is the norm Strong Indian presence in GW Astronomy in the Global detector network where broad international collaboration is the norm  relatively easy to get well trained researchers back  relatively easy to get well trained researchers back Close interactions with the very supportive International community as reflected in the International Advisory committee of IndIGO – Chair: Abhay Ashtekar LIGO-Lab participation in IndIGO schools, commitment to training and assisting in high end technology tasks related to GW experiments should LIGO-India come about.

LIGO-India: Indian Requirements Indian contribution in infrastructure :  Site  Vacuum system  Related Controls  Data centre  Trained manpower for installation and commissioning  Trained manpower for LIGO-India operations for 10 years

Requirements: Low seismicity Low human generated noise Air connectivity Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry preferred, … LIGO-India: … the challenges Indian Site Preliminary exploration: IISc new campus & adjoining campuses near Chitra Durga low seismicity Solid rock base 1hr from International airport Bangalore: science & tech hub National science facilities complex plans  power and other infrastructure availability, ….

Manpower generation for sustenance of LIGO-India : Preliminary Plans & exploration Since Advanced LIGO will have a lead time, participants will be identified who will be deputed to take part in the commissioning of Advanced LIGO and later bring in the experience to LIGO-India. They will start building groups with associated training program. Successful IndIGO Summer internships in International labs underway o High UG applications 30/40 each year from IIT, IISER, NISERS,.. o 2 summers, 10 students, 1 starting PhD at LIGO-MIT o Plan to extend to participating National labs to generate more experimenters IndIGO schools are planned annually to expose students to emerging opportunity in GW science o 1 st IndIGO school in Dec 2010 in Delhi Univ. (thru IUCAA) Post graduate school specialization courses, or more Jayant Narlikar: “Since sophisticated technology is involved IndIGO should like ISRO or BARC training school set up a program where after successful completion of the training, jobs are assured.”

Courtesy: Steven Fairhurst

LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Polarization info Uniformity of Sky coverage Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato

LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation Source localization error 5-15 degrees to ~degree !!! Courtesy: S. Klimenko and G. Vedovato

LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage : Synthesized Network beam (antenna power) Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

LIGO-India: … the opportunity Strategic Geographical relocation - the science gain Sky coverage: ‘reach’ /sensitivity in different directions Courtesy: Bernard Schutz

NetworkHHLVHILVAHLV Mean horizon distance Detection Volume Volume Filling factor 41.00%54.00%44.00% Triple Detection Rate(80%) Triple Detection Rate(95%) Sky Coverage: 81% 47.30%79.00%53.50% Directional Precision Strategic geographical relocation comparison Courtesy Bernard Schutz

6 m The TIFR 3-m prototype detector 15 cm dia. mirrors (3 kg), 1 W NPRO laser, 2 stage passive pre-isolation, mbar UHV

RRCAT (Next Plan period): Advanced Interferometry (Narrow line width Frequency Stabilised laser development) The laser will be an injection seeded Nd;YAG or Yb:Silica fiber laser locked to a stabilized reference cavity. The target would be to demonstrate a laser with 1W output and sub-kHz line width and few Hz stability. Scaling up of the power to 10W will be done as the next step.

RRCAT: Advanced Interferometry (Ultraflat Components development) Development of Ultraflat Optical components such as mirrors for GWD will require augmenting the existing facility with an ion beam figuring system for final correction of the polished optics to /500 or better.

IIT-Madras 11 faculty members (8 in EE, 3 in Physics) 10 M. Tech scholars in EE (Photonics) 20+ research scholars (M.S. and Ph.D.) Research specializations ➲ Optical communications ➲ Fiber lasers ➲ Diffractive optical elements ➲ Silicon photonics, plasmonics ➲ Nonlinear and quantum optics ➲ Metrology and instrumentation Strong industry partnerships

IIT-M, IIT-K participation in LIGO Photonics research ➲ Squeezed state detection ➲ High power lasers ➲ Diffractive optics ➲ Silicon photonics Manpower training ➲ 2-3 research fellows each year ➲ Sabbatical, or on lien, with LIGO-India ➲ Up to 20% of regular faculty time

Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) Development of the lasers systems, investigate emerging laser technologies such as fiber lasers for developing a suitable laser for 3 rd generation detector. Develop squeezed light sources suitable for use in GWD. Design and development of diffractive optical components for generating higher order Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beams. Investigate instabilities due to quantum back action on cavity mirrors. Development of high flatness fused silica/silicon optics and develop fabrication and metrology techniques.

Possible IndIGO Contributions to 3G Detectors (ET) Design and development of high power optical coating for the detector optics. Develop techniques for absorption measurement of high purity Si as a possible optical substrate at 1.5 micron laser wavelength. Develop high accuracy wavefront sensing and laser scanning based thermal compensation of cavity mirrors. Investigate possible techniques to cool the detector mirrors in a non contact way (laser cooling of Yb doped glasses have been demonstrated)