Kollektive Eigenschaften in Kern-Kern Kollisionen bei hohen Energien Kai Schweda, Physikalisches Institut/ GSI Darmstadt

Quantum Chromodynamics Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the established theory of strongly interacting matter. Gluons hold quarks together to from hadrons: Gluons and quarks, or partons, typically exist in a color singlet state: confinement. meson baryon

Natur Experiment COBE: Discovery `baby photo’ of the universe LHC RHIC COBE 10 –6 sec 10 –4 sec 3 min 15 Mil Jahre Quark-Gluon Plasma Nukleonen Kerne Atome Heute Natur Experiment Urknall http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Nobel/ John Mather George Smoot COBE: Discovery `baby photo’ of the universe RHIC: Live history of the universe

Quark Gluon Plasma Quark Gluon Plasma: Deconfined and Source: Michael Turner, National Geographic (1996) Quark Gluon Plasma: Deconfined and thermalized state of quarks and gluons  Study partonic EOS at RHIC and LHC (?) Probe thermalization using heavy-quarks

Au + Au Collisions at RHIC Peripheral Event STAR (real-time Level 3)

Au + Au Collisions at RHIC Mid-Central Event STAR (real-time Level 3)

Au + Au Collisions at RHIC Central Event STAR (real-time Level 3)

Pressure, Flow, … Thermodynamic identity – entropy p – pressure U – energy V – volume t = kBT, thermal energy per dof In A+A collisions, interactions among constituents and density distribution lead to: pressure gradient  collective flow number of degrees of freedom (dof) Equation of State (EOS) cumulative – partonic + hadronic

Protons From RHIC More central collisions In central collisions, spectrum becomes more concave  collective flow ! Flow velocity <b> = 0.60 ± 0.05 in most central collisions

Anisotropy Parameter v2 coordinate-space-anisotropy  momentum-space-anisotropy y py x px Initial/final conditions, EoS, degrees of freedom

v2 at Low Momentum - Mass hierarchy  collective flow ! P. Huovinen, private communications, 2004 - Mass hierarchy  collective flow ! - Hydro-dynamical model : acces to equation of state !

 -meson Flow: Partonic Flow -mesons: little hadronic interactions strong collective flow formed via coalescence of thermal s-quarks  Collectivity at quark level ! STAR Preliminary: SQM06, S. Blyth Hwa and Yang, nucl-th/0602024; Chen et al., PRC73 (2006) 044903

Collectivity, Deconfinement at RHIC - v2 of light hadrons and multi-strange hadrons - scaling by the number of quarks At RHIC:  number-of-constituent quark scaling  De-confinement PHENIX: PRL91, 182301(03) STAR: PRL92, 052302(04), 95, 122301(05) nucl-ex/0405022, QM05 S. Voloshin, NPA715, 379(03) Models: Greco et al, PRC68, 034904(03) Chen, Ko, nucl-th/0602025 Nonaka et al. PLB583, 73(04) X. Dong, et al., Phys. Lett. B597, 328(04). i ii

In central Au+Au collisions at RHIC EoS Parameters at RHIC In central Au+Au collisions at RHIC - partonic freeze-out: *Tpfo = 165 ± 10 MeV weak centrality dependence vpfo ≥ 0.2 (c) - hadronic freeze-out: *Tfo = 100 ± 5 (MeV) strong centrality dependence vfo = 0.6 ± 0.05 (c) Systematic studies are needed to understand the centrality dependence of the EoS parameters * Thermalization assumed

Quark Masses Strong interactions do not affect heavy-quark masses. Higgs mass: electro-weak symmetry breaking. (current quark mass) QCD mass: Chiral symmetry breaking. (constituent quark mass) Strong interactions do not affect heavy-quark masses. Important tool for studying properties of the hot/dense medium at RHIC. Test pQCD predictions at RHIC and LHC. Total quark mass (MeV)

J/y Enhancement at LHC Statistical hadronization J/y: c c  scc  strong centrality dependence of J\y yield at LHC Need total charm yields ! Measure D0, D±, Lc Probe deconfinement and thermalization J/y: c c  scc Number of participants More central collisions Calculations: P. Braun Munzinger, K. Redlich, and J. Stachel, nucl-th/0304013.

Multiply Heavy-flavored Hadrons Statistical hadronization - de-confined heavy-quarks equilibrated heavy-quarks  Enhancement up to x1000 ! Measure Xcc, Wcc, Bc, (Wccc) Need total charm yields Probe deconfinement and thermalization @ LHC Quark Gluon Plasma ! Quarks and gluons  hadrons Pb+Pb Wccc / D : p+p c c c x1000 F. Becattini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 022301 (2005); P. Braun Munzinger, K. Redlich, and J. Stachel, nucl-th/0304013.

Heavy-Flavor Collectivity The key point is to idenitfy and measure Heavy-Flavor Collectivity D0, D, D+s, L+C, J/y, B0, B±, , …

Large Hadron Collider LHC am CERN Energie in einer Blei-Blei Kollision 1150 TeV = 0.18 mJ Faktor 300 höher als in SPS Experimenten sehr heisser Feuerball! T = 1000 MeV

ALICE beim LHC Bis zu 60000 geladene Teilchen TRD TPC ITS Bis zu 60000 geladene Teilchen Faktor 25 höher als beim SPS ~ PetaByte (1015) pro Jahr

J/y  e+ + e- Reconstruction J/y: c c : b b J/y  e+ + e- (BR = 6%) Reconstruct invariant mass TRD identifies electrons  Identify quarkonia

1) LHC heavy-flavor program: 2) FAIR / CBM program: Taken from P. Senger 1) LHC heavy-flavor program: 2) FAIR / CBM program: - Study medium properties - pQCD in hot and dense medium - Search for phase boundary. - Chiral symmetry restoration Start: 2007 Start: ~2012