Unit III - Biochemistry Chemistry of Life

I. What is everything made of? Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of…  Protons – positive charge  Neutrons – no charge  Electrons – negative charge a(an) – no/not tom – to cut

I. What is everything made of? Isotopes – atoms of same element, but have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same) a(an) – no/not tom – to cut a(an) – no/not tom – to cut iso - equal

I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!) sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)

I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms chemically joined together Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)

I. What is everything made of? Compounds are made through chemical reactions…new substances are made REACTANTS  PRODUCTS sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl)  sodium chloride (table salt)

I. What is everything made of? Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together  Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)  Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom

I. What is everything made of? Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically

Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) 1. oil 2. wood 3. water 4. carbon 5. starch 6. shampoo 7. air 8. silicon 9. sugar 10. cookies 11. copper

Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) 1. oil - C 2. wood - M 3. water - C 4. carbon - E 5. starch - C 6. shampoo - M 7. air - M 8. silicon - E 9. sugar - C 10. cookies - M 11. copper - E

II. Water A. Why is Water Important to Organisms?  Bathes cells  In cytoplasm  Needed for chemical reactions  Used for transport  Holds/transfers heat

II. Water B. How does water’s structure relate to its function? 1. Water is polar – slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule

II. Water 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges  These are called hydrogen bonds  Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!  water’s special traits due to these! hydro- water

II. Water Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things:  Definition of the property  Why the property happens  Why the property is important to organisms

II. Water 3. special properties: a. surface tension – forms strong layer b. cohesion – water sticks to self well co - together

II. Water 3. special properties: c. adhesion – water sticks to other stuff d. capillarity – water “climbs” up thin tubes

II. Water 3. special properties: e. good solvent – water dissolves many substances ~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)

II. Water 3. special properties: f. high specific heat – - water holds its heat very well - hard to change its temperature

II. Water 3. special properties: g. high heat of vaporization – - when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it

II. Water 3. special properties: h. ice floats on water - solid H 2 O takes up more space, so less dense

III. Acids & Bases 1. pH scale: neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7 * the closer to 7, the weaker it is

III. Acids & Bases 5. buffers – keep pH stable  Cells will be harmed if pH too high or low

IV. Organic Compounds Organic compounds come from organisms All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers mono - one poly - many

IV. Organic Compounds There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomers  To join monomers together, water is removed  Called dehydration synthesis hydr – water syn - together

IV. Organic Compounds There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomers  To break polymers apart, water is added  Called hydrolysis hydr – water lys - burst

A. Carbohydrates IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates 1. examples  Glucose (sugar) - cell energy  Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose  Starch – how plants store extra glucose  Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber  Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons

A. Carbohydrates IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates 2. structure monosaccharide: polysaccharide: (monomer) (polymer) mono- one poly- many sacchar- sugar

B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 1. examples –  Triglycerides – fats, oils, waxes  Steroids - hormones  Phospholipids – make up cell membrane tri- three glyc- sugar

B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain fats: steroids:

B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types saturated fats – hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats

B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils

B. Lipids IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types – phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane

C. Nucleic Acids IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic Acids 1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material) 2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:

D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 1. examples: numerous!  (major structural unit of body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.) 2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…

D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. monomer is the amino acid:

D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins: ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions

D. Proteins IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster - every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme - missing enzyme = defect - high heat and extreme pH will “break” them

Self-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be: 1. An example of an element would be: A. NeB. CO2C. C6H12O6D. H2O 2. Which of the following is the weakest? 2. Which of the following is the weakest? A. ionic bondsC. hydrogen bonds B. electrovalent bondsD. covalent bonds

Self-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – A. polar B. neutral C. covalent D. nonpolar 4. Ringed lipids are called - 4. Ringed lipids are called - A. triglycerides C. steroids B. phospholipids.D. both B and C.

Self-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. A. monomer…triglycerides B. monomer…carbohydrates C. polymer…proteins D. polymer…nucleic acids

Self-Quiz – Chemistry 6. Unsaturated fats: 6. Unsaturated fats: A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold B. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms C. are usually solids at room temperature D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms

The End