Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Supplemental instruction Chemsitry for Physiology Basic of ChemistryBasic of Chemistry Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules -Macromolecules -Macromolecules Picture from:

C(Carbon), H(Hydrogen), O(Oxygen), N(Nitrogen), Ca(Calcium)  ________Atoms O 2 H 2 O NH 3 CO 2 NaCl H 2 SO 4 H 2 CO 3  _____________Molecule(compound) Na + Cl - HCO 3 - K +  _____________Ions NaCl HCl HNO 3 NaOH *Electrolytes: A chemical compound that ionizes when dissolved or molten to produce an electrically conductive medium. NaCl  Na + + Cl - HCl  H + + Cl - HNO3  H + + NO 3 - NaOH  Na + + OH -  _____________Electrolytes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Atoms Electrons Protons Neutrons C: Carbon H: Hydrogen 1 Electron 1 Proton 0 neutron C: Carbon Atomic number ____ Protons ____ Neutrons ____ Mass _____ Electrons ____ Mass = _____________ Protons + Neutrons 6 Ca 2+ : Calcium ion Atomic number ____ Protons ____ Neutrons ____ Mass _____ Electrons ____ (2+: 2e - lose) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Atoms Electrons Protons Neutrons C: Carbon H: Hydrogen 1 Electron 1 Proton 0 netron Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

_______________ same atomic # but differing atomic mass due to different # of neutrons. Isotopes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Chemical Bonds share ______________ occur when atoms share valence electrons. Covalent bonds equally. In ____________________ electrons are shared equally. nonpolar covalent bonds unequally. In ____________________ electrons are shared unequally.polar covalent bonds Polar? Nonpolar? For examples CO 2, O 2, H 2, NH 3 … Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Polar? Non-polar? CO 2 C=O: polar bond CO 2 : Non-polar molecule H2OH2O Polar OO O2O2 Non-polar bond NH 3 Polar Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

transferred ____________ occur when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Ionic bonds For examples.. NaCl When H forms polar bond with another atom it takes on a slight + charge. _______________ Positively charged H(hydrogen) attracted to nearby negatively charged atoms. Hydrogen Bond Chemical Bonds Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Chemical Bonds Which chemical bonds are the weakest? Which chemical bonds are the strongest? Hydrogen Bond Covalent bonds Which one is stronger? Nonpolar or polar? It is not necessary. –Mr. Yee “…So you can see that polar and nonpolar are defined by a stronger pull in one direction as a result of stronger electro negativity.” Which one is stronger? Single bond? or Double bond? Double bond Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Chemical Bonds :Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen bonds Chemical bonds: interactions (sharing, transferring, attracting ) between valence(outmost) electrons of atoms. Nonpolar : share valence electrons. -H 2, O 2 Polar : electrons are shared unequally - H 2 O Ionic bonds : valence electrons are transferred - cation(+), anion(-) -NaCl Hydrogen bonds :When H(hydrogen) forms polar bond(slightly +), attracts to any nearby negatively charged atoms. -H 2 O --- H 2 O Covalent bonds : share valence electrons. - Nonpolar & polar Surface tension by hydrogen bonds Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Water (H 2 O) ____________ molecules dissolve in water. -tend to mix with other (hydrophilic/hydrophobic). - e.g. Ions, N atoms Hydrophilic ____________ molecules do not dissolve in water. -tend to mix with other (hydrophilic/hydrophobic). -e.g. Fats, Oils, Waxes Hydrophobic -Transport substances -Regulation body temperature Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Water and Substances : Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic Hydrophobic : Not dissolved in water. - Nonpolar molecules Polar covalent in water - Dissolved - But, not breaked -e.g. Glucose, amino acids Ionic compounds in water - Dissolved and breaked the ionic bonds -e.g. NaCl Hydrophilic : Attracted to water, “Water loving” - Ionic compounds, Polar molecules - Hydrantion sphares Polar(Hydrophilic) Nonpolar(Hydrophobic) Phospholipids -have both polar and nonpolar parts Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

There are four biologically important molecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids All contain _______________________. They are ( inorganic / organic ) molecules. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules - based on chains of _________ atoms.carbon(C) Oligomers Polymers MonomersDimers Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Monomer, Polymer CONDENSATION: (also called Dehydration Synthesis”) HYDROLYSIS: (hydro-“water,” lysis-“break apart”) Monomer 1 Monomer 2 Chemical bond H 2 O added(Hydrolysis) H 2 O removed (Dehydration) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Macromolecules Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Monomers Fatty acids and glycerol Monosaccharides Amino acids Nucleotides Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Carbohydrate Glucose -monomer -monosaccharide Glycogen -Polymer -Polysaccharide of glucose -Stored in the liver & muslce. Carbohydrate - (CH 2 O) n Glucoses Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Carbohydrate (saccharide) The general formula: __________. e.g. C 6 H 12 O 6 C n H 2n O n Monosaccharide (simple sugar) ____________________________ Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose monosaccharide + monosaccharides = _____________ Disaccharide glucose + glucose = __________ glucose + fructose = __________ glucose + galactose = __________ Disaccharide Maltose Sucrose Lactose Polysaccharides _________________________ Starch, Glycogen Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Lipids Lipids - Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) - Hydrocarbon chains and rings. - Tryglycerides, Sterols, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins Tryglycerides (fats) -1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids -Saturated or Unsaturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Sterols -Three 6 carbon rings & One 5 carbon ring -Cholesterol - component of cell membranes Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

_________________ -at least one double bonds. -Liquid oil at room temperature eg) plant oil: oilve oil… except palm and coconut oil.Triglycerides -Formed in ___________. _________________ -Only single bonds -Solid at room temperature eg) animal fats, palm, & coconut oil Saturated fatty acids adipose tissue Unsaturated fatty acid Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Lipids(Cont’d) Phospholipids - Hydrophilic(polar) with hydrophobic(nonpolar) - Major component of cell membranes - Surfactant; micelles in water Polar(Hydrophilic) Nonpolar(Hydrophobic) Prostaglandins -Fatty acids with hydrocarbon ring -serves regulatory functions micelles in water Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Surfactant -by _________ bonds -cause lungs to collapse. Surface tension hydrogen Vs. -reduce surface tension. -Prevents lungs from collapsing. micelles in water Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Nonpolar Polar ________ -Nitrongen-containing portion in head. -Part of neurotransmitter Lecithin Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Protein Proteins - long chains of amino acids - 20 different aminoacids - Peptide bonds - 4 structures Quaternary structure Helical structure Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

Organic molecules :Nucleic acids Nucleic acids - chains of nucleotides - DNA, RNA Nucleiotide DNA -Double stranded (double helix) RNA -Single stranded -mRNA, tRNA, rRNA : play a role of protein synthesis Protein synthesis Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

HCl  H + + Cl – _____: Any molecule that releases H+ ions. Acid _____: Any molecule that absorbs H+ ions.Base HCO 3 + H +  H 2 CO 3 ______ solutions have a higher [H+] than pure water Acidic ______ solutions have a lower [H+] than pure water Basic Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

pH Scale Acidic - (lower/higher) than pH 7 - (lower/higher) [H+] than pure water Basic - (lower/higher) than pH 7 - (lower/higher) [H+] than pure water _______ - minimize pH changes. - by absorbing H+ under more [H+] than normal (under acidic). - by releasing H+ under less [H+] than normal (under basic). Buffer Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010

_____________ -breakdown products of fats -Source of energy -In excess, can lower blood pH  The blood becomes (acidic/basic).  “ketoacidosis” in uncontrolled diabetes. Ketone bodies ding-Diabetes/What-is-Diabetes/Ketoacidosis-/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010