Carbs Review

What elements are found in carbs? Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

What is the ratio of C:H:O in a carb? 1:2:1

Why did scientists name the sugars “carbohydrates?” Carbo = carbon Hydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water molecule

What do we call the covalent bond that links one monosaccharide to another? Glycosidic bond

What are the monomers of carbs? monosaccharides

Name 5 monosaccharides. Glucose Fructose Galactose Ribose Deoxyribose

Which monosaccharide is the main source of energy for the cell? glucose

Cells do not use glucose directly Cells do not use glucose directly. They convert it into what molecule that is used by the cell for energy? ATP

What are isomers? Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

Give an example of two isomers. Glucose and fructose (and galactose)

Why are glucose and fructose isomers? Both are C6H12O6 Glucose has a 6-sided ring; fructose has a 5-sided ring

What type of reaction joins monosaccharides? Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)

What do we call a double sugar? disaccharide

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of… Glucose + fructose

Lactose is a disaccharide made of… Glucose + galactose

Maltose is a disaccharide made of… Glucose + glucose

Many monosaccharides linked together form a … polysaccharide

What is the most common monosaccharide that makes up polysaccharides? glucose

How do animals store excess glucose? Link it together in condensation reactions to form glycogen

Where is glycogen stored? Liver and muscles

What type of reaction is performed in liver and muscle cells when glucose must be freed from glycogen? hydrolysis

How do plants store excess glucose? starch

Starch has two structures. What are they? Spiral chain Branched chain

Which carb is the most abundant on earth? cellulose

Cellulose is not an energy polysaccharide Cellulose is not an energy polysaccharide. It is a __________ carbohydrate. structural

Cellulose is made up of chains of glucoses Cellulose is made up of chains of glucoses. One chain is held to the next by what type of bond? hydrogen

Lipids

What elements are found in lipids? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Lipids have large numbers of ____ and ____ but few ____. Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

True or false? Lipids are better at storing energy because they have larger numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds. True! We just said that lipids have few oxygens. This means there are more hydrogens bonded to carbons. C-H bonds store energy!

There are six main functions of lipids. Name three. Energy storage Vitamin storage Insulation Padding and shape Chemical messengers Structural part of the cell membrane

There are two common monomers in lipids. What are they? Glycerol Fatty acids

Sometimes lipid polymers do not have the common monomers, so why do we still consider them lipids? They’re nonpolar!

The fatty acid monomer has two parts. What are they? Carboxyl end Hydrocarbon end

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids ? Triglyceride + water

How many water molecules are formed in the condensation of a triglyceride? 3

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids ? Diglyceride + 2 water molecules

Glycerol + 1 fatty acids ? Monoglyceride + 1 water

What do we call a fat with double or triple bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid? unsaturated

Unsaturated fats have _______ chains and are ________ at room temp. Bent Liquids

Where are unsaturated fats naturally found? Oils in plants like olive oil

What effect do unsaturated fats have on cholesterol? No effect

What do we call fats with all single bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid chains? Saturated fats

Saturated fats have _______ chains and are ______ at room temp. Straight Solid

Where are saturated fats normally found? In animals or animal products like lard and cream

What effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol? Increase it!

Hydrogenation converts _________ fats into _________ fats. Unsaturated Saturated

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate ? phospholipid

Draw a phospholipid and label the parts. head tails

The head of a phospholipid is ______ and the tails are _______. Polar Nonpolar

Because phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end, they are __________ molecules. amphipathic

What important structure do phospholipids make up? Cell membrane

What’s another name for the cell membrane? Phospholipid bilayer

Why do we call the cell membrane the phospholipid bilayer? It’s made of two (bi) layers of phospholipids!

Waxes and steroids do not have the usual lipid monomers Waxes and steroids do not have the usual lipid monomers. Why are they lipids? They’re nonpolar

What are the two monomers of a wax? Fatty acid + alcohol

What type of reaction joins the fatty acid to the alcohol? condensation

How many water molecules will be made in the condensation of a wax? 1

Which part of the wax makes it very water proof? Fatty acid chain

How many rings make up the structure of a steroid? 4

Of the four carbon rings in a steroid, how many are 6 sided? 5 sided? 3 1

True or false? Steroids have fatty acids.

Why are steroids considered lipids? They’re nonpolar

List two examples of steroids. Testosterone Estrogen Vitamin D Cholesterol Cortisone

This is the review that we started yesterday. Use the up/down arrow keys to move the slides forward or back. This slide is in the middle of the presentation, so it’s ready to review proteins and nucleic acids. If you want to review carbs and lipids again, you will have to arrow back to the beginning! I’ll be back ASAP! If you have questions, Mr. Keyser can help you until I get back!

Proteins

What elements do proteins contain? carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

List three functions of proteins. Used in cell membrane transport and recognition Antibodies Structural (muscles, hair, nails, etc.) Chemical messengers (some hormones) Enzymes

What are the monomers of proteins? Amino acids

In what type of reaction will amino acids join? Condensation reaction

What is the name for two joined amino acids? Dipeptide

What do we call a chain of many amino acids? Polypeptide

What are the five parts of an amino acid? Central carbon Carboxyl Amino H atom R group

Which of the five parts is different in amino acids? The R group

How many different amino acids are there? 20 (because there are 20 different R groups)

How are neighboring amino acids positioned in order to bond? Carboxyl end of one must be next to amino end of neighboring

What do we call a bond between amino acids? Peptide bond

True or false? The bond between amino acids is a C-O-C bridge. False! The bond is between a C atom and a N atom!

True or false? As soon as a polypeptide is made it is fully functional as a protein.

What must happen to a polypeptide chain before it is functional? Folding

How many levels of protein organization are there? Four

Describe the primary structure. Straight chain of amino acids

Describe the secondary structure. Helices and pleated sheets

What is causing the polypeptide to fold? Hydrogen bonding (and other interactions) between amino acids

Describe the tertiary structure. Globular due to more folding/interactions

Describe the quaternary structure. Two or more globular polypeptides together

At what level is a protein functional? Quaternary

What is an enzyme? A protein that acts as a catalyst – it speeds up reactions by decreasing activation energy

What do we call the reactant(s) that the enzyme is catalyzing? Substrate(s)

Because an enzyme will only work with one reactant in one type of reaction, we say that enzymes are… Substrate specific

The site on the enzyme where the substrate will join is the… Active site

Once an enzyme and its substrate have joined, we call the two together the… Enzyme-substrate complex

Why do we call the model of enzyme action the lock and key model? The substrate and enzyme fit together like a key fits into a lock.

Put the steps of the lock and key model in order. Enzyme returns to original shape and is reusable. Substrate bonds to enzyme’s active site forming enzyme-substrate complex. Reaction proceeds; products are released. Enzyme changes shape; activation energy is decreased because the enzyme: brought two substances closer together OR weakened bonds holding substrate monomers together B, D, C, A

There are four things that can affect how well an enzyme functions There are four things that can affect how well an enzyme functions. Name two. Enzyme concentration Substrate concentration pH temperature

What do we call the process in which an enzyme loses its shape? denaturing

What causes denaturing? Changes in pH High temperatures

What do changes in pH and high temps actually do that causes denaturing? Destroy H bonds holding tertiary structure together

What do we call small molecules that can be part of an enzyme’s active site and help the enzyme to function? Coenzymes

Nucleic Acids

What elements are found in nucleic acids? P

What is the main function of nucleic acids? Store and transmit hereditary information Directs protein synthesis

What are the monomers of nucleic acids? nucleotides

Every nucleotide has three parts. What are they? Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base

Nucleotides are linked together in what type of reaction? condensation

What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen base

What are the four bases found in DNA? Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

What is the shape of DNA? Double helix

What holds the bases together across the middle of the double helix? Hydrogen bonds

What are the base pairing rules in DNA and how many H bonds occur between the base pairs? A and T; 2 H bonds C and G; 3 H bonds

What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Ribose Phosphate Base

What bases are found in RNA? Adenine Uracil Cyotsine Guanine

What is the shape of RNA? Single stranded

What RNA bases pair with which DNA bases? G T A U

Nitrogen bases are divided according to structure Nitrogen bases are divided according to structure. What are the two types? Purines Pyrimidines

How many rings in purines? 2

How many rings in pyrimidines? 1

Which bases are purines? A and G

Which bases are pyrimidines? C, T, U

In DNA a ________ base will always pair with a _______ base. purine pyrimidine

Name the four scientists whose work contributed to the discovery of DNA’s structure. Franklin Wilkins Watson Crick