DNA Take out the chem review sheet In the molecular model kit, try to figure out what element each color represents How can you make double bonds using the kit? What do the molecular model kits not show?

Chemistry Review You need to remember some basic things

The Atom Smallest possible unit that maintains properties of the element Made of: ▫Protons – positively charged particles ▫Neutrons- neutral particles  Together form the atomic nucleus ▫Electrons- negatively charged particles  Fly around the nucleus Each element has a unique number of protons (atomic number)

Electron Orbitals/Shells Electrons are found in characteristic areas around the nucleus, called an orbital ▫Each one represents a different energy level Simplifying things, orbitals are grouped into “shells”

Electron Shells Each orbital can hold 2 electrons The innermost shell of orbitals is filled first Electrons are distributed to each orbital in a shell before filling each orbital The outermost shell is called the valence shell

Electron Shells Con. The first shell has only 1 orbital, so it can hold only 2 electrons

The 2 nd /3 rd Shell Consists of 4 orbitals, so each shell can hold 8 electrons

2. Draw Helium atom

Draw on your Whiteboard A neutral boron atom (for the nucleus you can just write B) A neutral fluorine atom

Using the Periodic Table Ignore the D block (the metals) The row tells you the # of shells the atom should have The column tells you the # of valence electrons a neutral atom should have in its valence shell

Draw A neutral magnesium atom A neutral phosphorus atom

Ions Aka charged atoms + ions occur when there are more protons than electrons - ions occur when there are more electrons than protons Atoms can gain and lose electrons

3. Draw Fluorine Ion (fluoride)

Draw the ions on your Whiteboard Na+ P 3- Si 2- H +

5. ElementSymbol# of protons # of electrons Charge# valence electrons CNeutral Oxygen10 7Neutral Na11 Nitrogen5

Filling Valence Shells Generally chemical reactions occur that fill valence electron shells Either by gaining/losing electrons OR By sharing electrons with other atoms

6a. Covalent Bond Sharing of electrons between two atoms A single bond consists of 2 shared electrons, which occupy the valence shell of both atoms ▫Double bond = 4 electrons ▫Triple bond = 6 electrons

Guidelines of Bonding Atoms almost always will end up with 8 electrons in their valence shell (may be lone pairs or shared electrons) So an atom that normally has 6 valence electrons needs to get 2 more from bonding (only showing the valence electrons)

The column can be used to figure out how many bonds an atom will normally form

Lewis Structures A line represents 2 electrons, usually shared in a covalent bond Dots represent electrons that are held by only one atom (lone pairs) Only valence electrons are shown Each atom should have a total of 8 electrons (except H and He which hold 2)

7. Draw and/or make: H 2 O C 2 H 6 NH 3 CCl 3 OH H 2 NCH 2 OH

On your Whiteboard Draw or make: C 3 H 8 CH 3 OH CF 2 O 2 H 2

8. Draw and or make: O 2 N 2 C 2 H 2 CO 2 H 2 NCHCO 2 H

On your whiteboard draw and or make: H 2 CO 3 HCN H 2 C 2 Cl 2 HNO

9. Drawing ionic molecules (think about total valence electrons present) C should bring 4 valence electrons, N should bring 5. If neutral there would be 9. BUT if it’s – charged there should be 10 total NH 4 + CO 3 2- H 3 O + OH -

6b.Polar vs. Non-Polar Covalent Bonds NonpolarPolar Electrons shared equally Both atoms have similar electronegativity (affinity for electrons) Neither atom ends up with any charge Electrons are not shared equally 1 atom is more electronegative (O, F, N, Cl are the usual culprits) Electronegative atom ends up with a partial – charge since they have the electron more often Other atom ends up with a partial + charge as they are deprived of the electron

Non-PolarPolar

10. Ion Formation Some atoms more easily give up electrons (1 st and 2 nd columns) to end up with a full valence shell These electrons can be stripped by atoms in the 7 th column (need 1 e) Forms ions

6c. Ionic Bonding Opposites attract! Significantly weaker than a covalent bond Can also occur between ionic molecules

11. Intermolecular Bonds (my bad on the worksheet) Between 2 different molecules I.e. hydrogen bonds in water Much weaker than intramolecular bonds aka intermolecular forces, attractions

Hydrogen Bonds Weak attraction between the partial charges of polar covalently bonded molecules In water, between O and H Means partial