Giving Credit Where It’s Due: Quoting and Para- phrasing in APA Style

Basic Principle 1 If it’s not cited, it’s yours.

Principle 1: Example If it’s not cited, it’s yours. “The problems we face are too complex to be solved by any one person or any one discipline,” Warren Bennis argues (1997, The Secrets of Great Groups, ¶3). Inspired by a conversation with Margaret Mead about groups with ideas that could change the world, Bennis began looking for ways to get people with bright minds but powerful egos to work together.

Principle 1 Violated "Up, up, up he went, until he got above the clouds. No amount of practice could have prepared the pilot and crew for what they encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds over here, over there, everywhere." —Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, 164 "Up, up, up, groping through the clouds for what seemed like an eternity.... No amount of practice could have prepared them for what they encountered. B- 24s, glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds all over the sky." —Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, 83

Principle 1: Self-Tests Integrating Quotations in APA Style writersref/flash/rs_menu.asp writersref/flash/rs_menu.asp Self-Test: Recognizing Plagiarism

Principle 2: Quotation Set off someone else’s exact words As a direct quotation (<40 words) As a block quotation (40+ words)

Principle 2: < 40 words Set off someone else’s exact words According to Raymond Chandler, “At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seem to be inevitable.” Raymond Chandler believed that a well-written mystery is so tightly constructed that readers feel its solution is “ inevitable.”

Principle 2: 40+ words Set off long quotations as block quotations Use a new line and left indent instead of quotation marks

Principle 2: 40+ words Previously unknown women have performed heroic acts that should be included in history books. For example, Paul Revere’s midnight ride is famous, but Sybil Ludington’s is not: On the night of April 26, 1777, Sybil Ludington, age 16, rode through towns in New York and Connecticut to warn that the Redcoats were coming... to Danbury, CT. All very Paul Reverish, except Sybil completed HER ride, and SHE thus gathered enough volunteers to help beat back the British the next day. Her ride was twice the distance of Revere's. No poet immortalized (and faked) her accomplishments, but at least her hometown was renamed after her… (Stuber). Block Quotation

Principle 3: Paraphrase Acknowledge someone else’s ideas with parenthetical citation Standard order is (author[s], date, page number[s]) ( Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1990, p. 567 )

Principle 3: Use Info You Have Use only the information you have. If no author is given, begin with the first few words of the title. (title, date, page number[s]) (“Chimps,” 2003, pp. 6–7) (Great Apes, 2004, p. 3)

Principle 3: But Check It Out Use only the information you have, but don’t give up too easily. Scan the perimeter. ACTS.htm (search AIDS Ithaca) ACTS.htm Truncate the URL. sources/chap1.html#1.1 sources/chap1.html#1.1

Principle 3: Problem If author/date are given in the intro, that information is not repeated within the final parentheses. Gunawardena and Zittle (1997) found that social presence contributed to more than 60% of the learners' satisfaction with an online course. What if a source has no page numbers?

Principle 3: Solution A Articles from the Web (unless they are PDFs) do not have stable page numbers. In that case, use section heading and paragraph number. According to Kirby (1999), critics have accused activists in the Great Ape Project of "exaggerating the supposed similarities of apes [to humans] to stop their use in experiments" (Shared Path section, para. 6).

Principle 3: Solution B Insert a comment just after the end of the source material. Raines (1987, 1990) has worked to dispel “myths” about the inferiority of community college instruction. While most researchers study the techniques used by individual teachers, Raines has focused on the entire English curriculum.

Basic Principle 3: Solution For more information on source- reflective statements, see: Using Principles of APA Style to Cite and Document Sources cite6.html cite6.html

Principle 4: In-text Citations Idea-focused Researcher-focused Chronology-focused

Principle 4: Example A Idea-focused “In the 1960’s, two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system” (McPherson, 1990).

Principle 4: Example B Researcher-focused McPherson (1990) reported that “In the 1960’s, two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system.”

Principle 4: Example C Chronology-focused In 1990, McPherson reported that “in the 1960’s, two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system.”

Principle 5: Follow Conventions Tom Allen, manager of a 300-acre farm, said, “We refuse to use that pesticide because it might pollute the nearby wells.”

Principle 5: Caps or No Caps? Tom Allen, manager of a 300-acre farm, said that the owners “ refuse to use that pesticide ” because of possible water pollution. “ We refuse to use that pesticide, ” said Tom Allen, “ because it might pollute nearby wells. ”

Principle 5: Single or Double? The reporter told her editor, “When I talked to the Allens last week, they said, ‘ We refuse to use that pesticide.’ ”

Principle 5: Omitting Words Original The welfare agency representative said, "We are unable to help every family that we'd like to help because we don't have the funds to do so.” Omitted material with ellipsis The welfare agency representative said, "We are unable to help every family... because we don't have the funds to do so."

Principle 5: Clarifying Original The welfare agency representative said, "We are unable to help every family that we'd like to help because we don't have the funds to do so.” Added material in brackets The welfare agency representative explained that they are "unable to help every family that [they would] like to help."

Principle 5: Caution  When adding or deleting material, it is never acceptable to distort the meaning of the source Even with a super-sized container of caffeine, this movie is a sleeper. Director Jones needs a hit, but this movie isn’t it. Super-sized….sleeper…hit!

Principle 5: Be Patriotic In American English, periods and commas always go inside the closing quotation mark. Colons (:) and semicolons (;) always go outside the closing quotation mark.

Principle 5: The Question of ?s Question marks are placed inside if they are part of the quotation. “ To be, or not to be ?” Hamlet asked. But… Was it Patrick Henry who said “Give me liberty or give me death”?