Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and Temperature Measurement

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Presentation transcript:

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and Temperature Measurement THERMODYNAMICS DAY 1

study of laws that govern THERMODYNAMICS study of laws that govern availability of energy direction of energy flow conversion of energy how energy transformations relate to the properties of matter

ENERGY* Chemical Electrical Solar Internal Energy Nuclear Mechanical Internal Energy Energy in transit Work Heat Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

CONCEPT CHECK  An iron rod with temperature T1 is connected to a copper ring with temperature T2 for a long period of time. If we separate the metals, the final temperature of the iron rod is ___. less than T1 greater than T1 less than T2 greater than T2 approximately equal to the final temperature of the copper ring

ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS “If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”

CONCEPT CHECK  Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when ___ both are insulated. both have the same volume. both have the same temperature. both interact with different bodies at different temperatures. one is cold and the other is hot.

THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other are at the same temperature.

CONCEPT CHECK  Which of the following statement(s) about temperature is(are) incorrect? Temperature is “hotness”. Temperature is a measure of heat. Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy. Temperature is what a thermometer says.

TEMPERATURE: macroscopic def’n quantity that tells how warm or cold a substance is with respect to some standard

Freezing point of water TEMPERATURE SCALES SCALE Freezing point of water Boiling point of water T Celsius 0 C 100 C 100 C Fahrenheit 32 F 212 F 180 F Kelvin 273 K 373 K 100 K

Temperature Conversion

TEMPERATURE: microscopic def’n related to the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance

CONCEPT CHECK  A newspaper article about the weather states that “the temperature of a body measures how much heat the body contains.” Is this description correct?

HEAT energy transfer from one object to another object as a result of a difference in temperature between the two

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Temperature cannot be directly measured; but many properties of matter that we can measure depend on temperature.

THERMOMETRIC PROPERTIES mercury glass thermometer volume gas thermometer pressure physical properties that change with temperature thermocouple Seebeck effect thermistor resistance ear thermometer EM radiation

Question Why does a nurse taking your temperature wait for the thermometer reading to stop changing?

Conditions necessary for temperature measurement In thermal contact – can exchange energy in the form of heat In thermal equilibrium – has achieved the same temperature

Zeroth Law and Temperature Measurement Choose reference points Construct a scale Mark temperature readings of the reference points MERCURY BODY REFERENCE

QUIZ (1/4 sheet), show solution You propose a new temperature scale, with temperatures given in °M. You define 0.0 °M to be the normal melting point of Mercury and 100.0 °M to be the normal boiling point of Mercury. A temperature change of 10.0 M° corresponds to how many C°? What is the normal boiling point of water in °M?