Elements and the Periodic Table

Classification is arranging items into groups or categories according to some criteria. The act of classifying creates a pattern that helps you recognize and understand things such as the behavior of fish, chemicals, or any matter in your surroundings. Classifying Matter

Matter is usually defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is made up of particles. These particles are atoms or atoms bonded together as compounds. Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter and are made up of elements. Classifying Matter

Matter occurs in states or phases: –Bose-Einstein Condensate –Solid –Liquid –Gas –Plasma –Amorphous Solid –Liquid Crystal States of Matter

An low-energy state of matter that occurs very near absolute zero (0 Kelvins). It was predicted to exist in 1924 by Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose and proven to exist in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Bose-Einstein Condensate

SOLIDS Particles in solids are close together, vibrating in fixed positions. A solid has a definite shape. A solid has a definite volume.

Most liquids shrink—or contract—when they reach the freezing point and expand when heated. Water does not follow this pattern. Water in the liquid state has particles that are close together. A container of water will expand as it freezes due to the shape water particles take (hexagonal) when changing into the solid state. This crystal shape takes up more room than liquid water particles—and there is empty space in the middle of the crystal shape. Solid Water

Ice Liquid Water

LIQUIDS Particles in liquids have more energy than in a solid. Particles are close together, flowing around each other. A liquid takes the shape of its container. A liquid has a definite volume. A substance that is somewhere between a solid and a liquid is a suspension. Check out this weird colloid suspension: jVw jVw

GASES Particles in gases have more energy than a liquid and are not close together, but they can collide. A gas will fill a container. The larger the container, the more gas expands to fill it. A gas has no definite shape or volume because of this.

Amorphous Solids Not all solids have a definite temperature at which they change from solid to liquid. Amorphous solids soften and gradually turn into a liquid over a temperature range without an EXACT melting point. Amorphous liquids do not have an orderly arrangement of particles. Glass and plastics fall into this group.

Liquid Crystals Liquid crystals start tot flow during the melting phase similar to a liquid, but they do not lose their orderly arrangement of particles. Liquid crystals will retain their geometric order in specific directions. They are highly responsive to temperature changes and electric fields. Used to make LCD displays for watches, clocks, and calculators.

PLASMA As a gas is heated, electrons begin to leave the atoms, resulting in the presence of free electrons. This is the plasma state of matter. At very high temperatures, such as those present in stars, it is assumed that essentially all electrons are "free," and that a very high-energy plasma is nothing but bare nuclei swimming in a sea of electrons. Plasma is believed to be the most common state of matter in the universe. -plasma cutterhttp:// compared to planetshttp://

More About PLASMA Particles in plasma have the greatest energy of all the classic states of matter. Plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C. Some examples of plasma are the charged air around lightning and stars, including our own sun.

The greater the thermal energy of the object, the faster the particles move. That means the kinetic energy increases!

From Solid to Liquid The melting point of a substance is the point at which the particles have gained enough energy so as to fall out of order and begin to flow around one another. The melting point of water at sea level is 32 °F (0 °C). The melting point of aluminum at sea level is °F ( °C).

The freezing point of a substance is the point at which the particles have lost enough energy so as to fall into order and stop the flow of particles around one another. The freezing point and melting point of a particular substance is the same. –It depends on whether energy is being added or taken away. The freezing point of water at sea level is 32 °F (0 °C). The freezing point of aluminum at sea level is °F ( °C). From Liquid to Solid

From Liquid to Gas When particles have gained enough energy so that they move away from each other with empty space between, they have reached the point of vaporization. Substances that vaporize throughout are said to have reached the boiling point. Substances that vaporize on the surface are said to have evaporated. The boiling point of water at sea level is 212 °F (100 °C). The boiling point of aluminum is 4566 °F (2519 °C) at sea level.

Phase Changes When matter goes through a phase change, it will remain at the same temperature during the phase change until all matter reaches the same state. This is because the energy is going to changing the matter rather than to increase or decrease in temperature.

–A mixture is matter with unlike parts and a composition that varies from sample to sample. (Ex.: Halloween candy, salt and pepper) –A heterogeneous mixture is matter with physically distinct parts with different properties. (Ex.: vegetable soup, nuts and bolts) –A homogeneous mixture is matter that is the same throughout the sample. (Ex.: Kool-Aid, salt water, bronze, air) –Pure substances are matter with a fixed composition. (Ex.: water alone, salt alone, iron alone, carbon dioxide alone) MIXTURES AND PURE SUBSTANCES

–A compound is a pure substance that can be broken down by a chemical change into simpler substances. Water, H 2 0, is a pure substance that can be broken down into 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. –An element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down into anything simpler by either physical or chemical means. Hydrogen—or any other element on the periodic table— is an element that, under normal circumstances, cannot be broken down further without being changed into energy. Hindenburg Disaster (1937): –Blimp filled with hydrogen –35 of 97 On board died Hydrogen Bomb: Pure Substances

–A physical change is a change that does not alter the identity of the matter. Ice melting is a physical change. It is still water, no matter what state of matter it is in. Tearing paper is physical. It is still paper. –A chemical change is a change that does alter the identity of the matter. Breaking apart H 2 0 is a chemical change. It is no longer water when the molecule is broken apart. It becomes two gases—hydrogen and oxygen. – Burning sugar—C 6 H —breaks it down into carbon, water, and carbon dioxide, which is NOT the same. Ways Stuff Can Change

A graphic organizer for matter

Sugar (A) is a pure substance that can be easily broken into simpler substances by heating. (B) One of the simpler substances is the black element carbon, which cannot be further decomposed by chemical or physical means. A B

Water is a A.heterogeneous mixture B.homogeneous mixture C.pure substance D.Compound E.pure substance and compound ANSWER THIS! Answer: E