Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Heating/Cooling Curve and Phase Diagrams
Advertisements

CHM 108 SUROVIEC SPRING 2014 Chapter I. Solids, Liquids and Gasses 2.
Section 12.4: Phase Changes
Clausius – Clapeyron Equation This equation is a relation between  H vap and pressure at a certain Temperature.
What is a Phase? A phase is a homogeneous, physically distinct, and mechanically separable portion of matter. It is uniform throughout, both in chemical.
Phase Changes Courtesy
Chapter 11 1 Ch 11 Page 467. STATES OF MATTER CH CH CH 5The internet? Phase Change- The transformation from one phase to another upon the.
What are the three common states of matter? Solid, plasma, liquid Liquid, Gas, Plasma Solid, Liquid, Gas None of the above.
Phases of Matter.
Slide 2 of 61 Boiling and Boiling Point Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. General Chemistry: Chapter 12 FIGURE Boiling water in a paper cup Liquid.
Chapter 10 Liquids & Solids
Phase Changes Chapter 11. Vaporization An endothermic process in which the intermolecular attractions of a liquid are broken releasing molecules as a.
FINAL EXAM Wednesday,December 11, at 10:15 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. in the IC building, Room 421.
Aim: I.O.SWBAT: 1)Define vapor pressure 2)Interpret phase change diagrams 3)Describe critical temperature and pressure 4)Draw a phase change diagram MOTIVATION:
Vapor Pressure and Changes of State Heat of vaporization Enthalpy of vaporization energy required to vaporize 1 mole of a liquid at a pressure of 1 atm.
Ch. 10 – Changes of State (p. 324 – 330). Phases  The phase of a substance is determined by three things. The temperature. The pressure. The strength.
Vapor Pressure The molecules at the surface can spontaneously go into a gas as KE increases enough to break attractive forces.
CHAPTER 10. The forces with which molecules attract each other. Intermolecular forces are weaker than ionic or covalent bonds. Intermolecular forces are.
Phase Changes Vaporization- The process of changing from a liquid to a gas. Endothermic- lower energy liquid goes to a higher energy gas. When this occurs.
The universe is made up of: The system – the thing that you are studying The surroundings- everything else.
Copyright 1999, PRENTICE HALLChapter 111 Phase Changes Surface molecules are only attracted inwards towards the bulk molecules. Sublimation: solid  gas.
Changes in States of Matter
Liquids and Solids The Condensed States of Matter Chapter 10.2 – 10.3.
Crystalline solids Same lattice can be used to describe many different designs For designs based on the fcc unit cell: lattice points, empty spaces, edge.
10.4  Phase – any part of a system with uniform composition and properties.  Condensation – gas changes to a liquid  Molecules of liquid can evaporate.
Physical Science Mr. Moss RHS.  When 2 states are present at the same time, we describe each as a phase.  Here, we see 2 phases of water: ◦ Solid Phase.
Courtesy: labinitio.com. Vaporization or evaporation: molecules of a liquid escaping the liquid’s surface and forming a gas. Vaporization is endothermic.
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Changes of State and Equilibrium Equilibrium Vapor Pressure of a Liquid Boiling Freezing and Melting Phase Diagrams Chapter.
Chapter 10, Section 4  Changes of State. Phase  Any part of a system that has uniform composition and properties.
Phase Diagrams SOLID LIQUID GAS Critical Point Triple Point vaporizationcondensation sublimation deposition melting freezing.
Phase Diagrams and the Equilibrium of Substances 11/3/10 1.
Heating Curves. Energy and Phase Change When adding heat to a solid, energy added increases the temperature and entropy until the melting point is reached.
Phase Changes.
The universe is made up of: The system – the thing that you are studying The surroundings- everything else.
Section 3.3 Phase Changes.
Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.CRS Question, 10–2 QUESTION.
I. States of Matter –Kinetic Molecular Theory –States of Matter.
Chapter 10: States of Matter Changes of State. Objectives Explain the relationship between equilibrium and changes of state. Interpret phase diagrams.
Phase Diagrams CHEM HONORS. Kinetic Theory of Matter Kinetic Theory of Matter: molecules are always moving Measure kinetic energy with a thermometer known.
Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids.
Heating and Cooling Curves Phase Diagrams
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids Chapter 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
DO YOU REMEMBER: Vaporization? Evaporation? Condensation? Sublimation? Deposition? Potential Energy changes? Kinetic Energy changes? Triple Point?
1 An Arrangement for Obtaining the X-ray Diffraction Pattern of a Crystal.
Liquids properties & structure. Energetics of Vaporization when the high energy molecules are lost from the liquid, it lowers the average kinetic energy.
Phases of Matter. Kinetic Theory All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. These tiny particles are always in motion. The.
and the Equilibrium of Substances
Section 10.4.
Liquids and Solids Changes of State.
Chapter 7 Lesson Starter
Heating Curves & Phase Change Diagrams
Phase Changes.
Behavior of a Liquid in a Closed Container a) Initially b) at Equilibrium
Phase Changes.
Vapor Pressure Vaporization - change from liquid to gas at boiling point. Evaporation - change from liquid to gas below boiling point Heat (or Enthalpy)
Possible Changes of State
Changes of State Chapter 10 Section 4.
Phase Diagrams and Vapor Pressure
Do now Pick up notes. Get out Changes of State homework.
Phase Diagrams plot of P vs.T showing states of matter
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals (cont’d)
Changes of State Section 10.4.
Heating Curves & Phase Change Diagrams
and the Equilibrium of Substances
Changes of State Chapter 10 Section 4.
States of Matter Lesson 4.2
Possible Changes of State
Chapter 13 Phase Changes Notes #8b.
Changes of State College Chemistry.
Heating & Cooling Graphs
Presentation transcript:

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Section 10.8 CHANGES OF STATE (PHASE TRANSISTIONS) 1) MELTING: s  l 2) FREEZING: l  s 3) VAPORIZATION: l  g 4) SUBLIMATION: s  g 5)CONDENSATION: LIQUEFACTION: g  l DEPOSITION: g  s

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 VAPOR PRESSURE VAPORIZATION: LIQUID MOLECULES ESCAPE LIQUIDS SURFACE TO FORM A GAS PROCESS IS ENDOTHERMIC: ENERGY REQUIRED TO OVERCOME INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN THE LIQUID

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure Behavior of a Liquid in a Closed Container

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Figure The Rates of Condensation and Evaporation

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 SYSTEM AT EQUILIBRIUM DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM MOLECULES STILL LEAVING THE LIQUID & COMING BACK CONDENSATION & VAPORIZATION STILL OCCURING

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID VAPOR PRESSURE AT EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM VAPOR PRESSURE TWO OPPOSING PROCESSES OCCURING AT THE SAME RATE; THEREFORE, NO OBSERVABLE CHANGE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved is the pressure of the vapor present at equilibrium.... is determined principally by the size of the intermolecular forces in the liquid.... increases significantly with temperature. Volatile liquids have high vapor pressures.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Figure Vapor Pressure

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 VOLATILE: LIQUIDS WITH HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE LIQUIDS W/ LARGE INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: REL. LOW VAPOR PRESSURE SINCE MOLECULES NEED HIGH ENERGIES TO ESCAPE VAPOR PHASE LIQUIDS W/ LARGE MOLAR MASSES: REL. LOW VAPOR PRESSURE BECAUSE OF LARGE LDF; ATOMS ARE MORE POLARIZABLE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Vapor Pressure INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY WITH TEMPERATURE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Figure The Number of Molecules in a Liquid With a Given Energy Versus Kinetic Energy at Two Temperatures

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Figure The Vapor Pressure of Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 ln (P vap ) =[-  H vap/ /R] [1/T] + C  H vap = enthalpy of vaporization R = universal gas constant T = Temperature in Kelvin

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 CLAUSIUS – CLAPEYRON EQUATION ln (P vap, T(1) / P vap, T(2) ) = [  H vap /R] [1/T 2 - 1/T 1 ]

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 Figure Heating Curve for Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 HEATING CURVE FOR WATER TWO IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS: 1)TEMP. OF A SUBSTANCE REMAINS CONSTANT DURING A PHASE CHANGE 2)TEMP. RISES WHEN HEAT IS INPUTED WHILE A SUBSTANCE IS IN ONE PHASE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Melting Point Molecules break loose from lattice points and solid changes to liquid. (Temperature is constant as melting occurs.) vapor pressure of solid = vapor pressure of liquid

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Figure The Vapor Pressures of Solid and Liquid Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 Boiling Point Constant temperature when added energy is used to vaporize the liquid. vapor pressure of liquid = pressure of surrounding atmosphere

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 NORMAL BOILING POINT TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF A LIQUID IS EXACTLY 1 ATMOSPHERE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 CHANGES IN STATE DO NOT ALWAYS OCCUR AT EXACTLY THE BOILING POINT OR MELTING POINT SUPER COOLING: WATER REMAINS LIQUID BELOW 0°C AT 1 ATM. SUPERHEATING: REMAINS LIQUID ABOVE ITS BOILING POINT

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24 Figure The Supercooling of Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 25 Homework Exercises # 79 – 87 odd, 88, 89, 91, 92

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 Section 10.9 PHASE DIAGRAMS GRAPHICAL WAY TO SUMMARIZE THE PHASES OF A SUBSTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE ANE PRESSURE CLOSED SYSTEM – no material can escape NO AIR IS PRESENT DIAGRAMS NOT DRAWN TO SCALE

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27 Phase Diagram Represents phases as a function of temperature and pressure. critical temperature: temperature above which the vapor can not be liquefied. critical pressure: pressure required to liquefy at the critical temperature. critical point: critical temperature and pressure (for water, T c = 374°C and 218 atm).

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28 The Phase Diagram for Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 29 TRIPLE POINT REPRESENTS TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE AT WHICH 3 PHASES OF A SUBSTANCE COEXIST IN EQUILIBRIUM FOR WATER, – 0.01 °C, atm.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 30 Figure The Phase Diagram for Water

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 31 CRITICAL POINT CRITCAL TEMPERATURE: TEMPERATURE ABOVE WHICH THE VAPOR CANNOT BE LIQUEFIED NO MATTER WHAT PRESSURE IS APPLIED CRITICAL PRESSURE: VAPOR PRESSURE AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE WATER: 374°C, 218 atm.

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32 HOW TO LIQUIFY? 1) Nitrogen: critical temp. = -147°C Gas cannot be liquified until temp. is Below -147°C 2) Methyl chloride: critical temp.= 144°C Liquify by increasing the pressure as long as temp. is below 144°C 3) Oxygen: critical temp. = -119°C Liquify by increasing the pressure as long as temp. below -119°C

Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 33 Figure The Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide